山东长清灵岩寺宋代罗汉像彩绘分析研究

山东省济南市长清区灵岩寺彩绘罗汉像是我国宋代泥塑罗汉的代表作,具有极高的历史、艺术和科学价值。但罗汉像保存现状较差,彩塑存在颜料脱落、残损、酥碱等病害,亟待保护修复。为此,本工作选取彩绘脱落严重的两尊宋代彩塑罗汉像,利用光学显微镜(OM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等分析其彩绘颜料样品。结果表明,彩绘罗汉像从塑制之初至今,经过数次彩绘,可确定的多达六次。黑色颜料为炭黑(C);红色颜料为朱砂(HgS),铅丹(Pb_3O_4),以及朱砂、铁红(Fe_2O_3)和方解石(CaCO_3)混合物;绿色颜料为巴黎绿(Cu(C_2H_3O_2)·3Cu(AsO_2)_2)和舍勒绿(Cu(AsO_2)_2),还发现有斜氯铜矿(CuCl(OH)_3)及其与铅白(2PbCO_3·Pb(OH)_2)的混合物;橙色颜料为铅铬黄(PbCrO_4)和铅丹混合物;蓝色颜料为蓝铜矿(2CuCO_3·Cu(OH)_2),人工合成群青(Na_3CaAl_3Si_3O_(12)S);白色颜料为铅白和方解石;黄色颜料为铁黄(FeO(OH));金色为金箔(Au);沥粉的主要成分是方解石。白色底层为铅白和以硅、铝、钙为主的细白土。彩塑罗汉像重绘过程中,保持了将细白土作为底层和衣领镶边沥粉贴金的传统。彩绘颜料所用铅铬黄、巴黎绿、舍勒绿表明,彩塑罗汉像最近一次彩绘在清末之际,与文献记载相符,且这些人工颜料应是西方舶来之物。本分析研究结果为灵岩寺罗汉像艺术史研究提供了丰富信息,同时为保护修复工作开展提供了可靠依据。     

三种含Cu、As绿色颜料的拉曼光谱研究

分析和确认古代颜料的成分是文物研究中的一项重要工作。为对四个来自不同地区的含Cu、As元素的绿色颜料进行鉴别,应用拉曼光谱仪并辅助以扫描电镜能谱分析仪(SEMEDX)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)进行研究。结果表明其分别为墨绿砷铜矿、氯砷钠铜石以及巴黎绿。对其来源分别进行了讨论,因巴黎绿在国内青铜修复和古建彩画当中的大量应用,过去对于含有Cu、As的绿色颜料通常鉴定为巴黎绿。墨绿砷铜矿和氯砷钠铜石为在文物彩绘中新发现的两种矿物颜料,为绿色颜料的鉴定提供了新的思路。     

重庆大足大佛湾彩绘绿色和蓝绿色颜料的分析研究

为了确定重庆大足大佛湾彩绘含铜、砷元素的绿色及蓝绿色颜料显色成分,应用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、便携式显微镜等无损调查方法,结合X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)、X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)、显微拉曼光谱仪(RM)等分析方法,对取自大佛湾塑像的绿色及蓝绿色颜料进行调查和分析。结果表明绿色颜料显色成分为为巴黎绿,蓝绿色颜料显色成分为氯砷钠铜石[NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)₄Cl·5H₂O]。根据研究结论推断,氯砷钠铜石可能为巴黎绿的变色产物。该结果为探讨近代人工合成颜料变色机理提供了新的线索和方法。     

甘肃泾川罗汉洞石窟壁画及制作工艺研究

罗汉洞石窟始凿于北朝,是泾川百里石窟长廊的重要组成部分。作为古代丝绸之路上的重要历史文化遗产,其赋存的石窟壁画内容丰富,制作工艺特殊,对于研究泾川佛教的发展及丝绸之路文明有着重要的价值。通过罗汉洞壁画材质组成、结构特征等综合分析,壁画主体结构由内到外依次为支撑体,粗泥层(添加有麦秸),细泥层(添加有棉花),白底层,颜料层。壁画多处可看出重层现象,内层早期壁画所采用颜料均为矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为朱砂,绿色颜料为氯铜矿,蓝色颜料为石青。而外层清代光绪年间壁画红色颜料为铁红,绿色颜料为巴黎绿,蓝色颜料为群青,橙色颜料为铁黄,黑色颜料为炭黑。通过对罗汉洞石窟壁画制作工艺进行诠释与解读,并与其他丝路沿线壁画颜料应用方面进行比对,以期促进这一丝路文化遗产的保护和利用。     

绿色镌刻在土乡的那份责任——互助土族自治县林业生态扫描

在土乡,最美丽的身影是站立的树; 在土乡,最动人的色彩是流动的绿. --摘自采访手记 地处青海东北的互助土族自治县,素以"彩虹的故乡"而为世人所熟知. 其实,互助不仅为多彩多姿的世界孕育了独特的土族文化,它也向美丽和谐的世界贡献了它绿色的情怀.     

政协对绿色事业的支持

绿色事业,指的是我所倡导并和许多志同道合的学者教授合力进行的绿色文化绿色美学的理论研究、观点宣传与社会实践.和谐为美,而美缘于绿.绿,是生机,是活力,是生生不息、绵延不绝的生命,是一种共存共荣的宽容,是一种互帮互助的善,是一种互渗互补的爱,是一种协调共进的和平,是一种普天同庆的欢乐.因此,我以绿色二字作为我所定义的文化...     

无锡出土宋代绿髹漆钵的制作工艺研究

无锡八士镇宋代墓葬出土的绿髹荷花形漆钵是极为罕见的“绿沉漆”实物,利用三维视频显微系统、激光显微拉曼光谱、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱,对这件绿髹漆钵标本进行了分析研究。结果表明,绿髹荷花形漆钵经过制胎、批灰、髹底漆、髹红色以及绿色面漆的工序制作而成;其木质胎体为杉木属,漆灰以植物油和中国大漆作为胶结材料,而面漆则是中国大漆并添加了熟桐油作为助剂;红色漆膜呈色颜料为朱砂,绿色漆膜的呈色是由雌黄和靛蓝调配而成。这是对“绿沉漆”漆器制作工艺的首次科学鉴别。     

古陶瓷色彩之旅 绿釉

绿色,是大自然中最为常见的色彩,树木、花叶、禾苗、稻黍,无不荡漾着生命的绿色。绿色,有深有浅,有浓有淡,豆绿、苹果绿、橄榄绿、葱绿、孔雀绿、湖水绿等各种绿色的名称随处可闻可见,与人们的生活息息相关。作为生活用品的古陶瓷器物,同样可以看到绿色的存在,绿色成为了古陶瓷装饰的一个重要元素,这就是绿釉。     

金上京出土硅酸盐文物分析

采用超景深三维显微镜、X射线荧光光谱(ED-XRF)、扫描电镜与能谱联用(SEMEDS)、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(LA-ICP-AES)等方法对金上京出土的硅酸盐类文物(包括陶瓷、玻璃等)进行分析。结果显示,金上京出土陶瓷中除青白瓷为南方产品外,其余均为北方产品,低温釉陶中陶塑使用铅料和高硅质原料混合制釉,绿釉瓦则可能使用黏土加铅料制釉,并可能使用了石灰作化妆土;绞胎瓷釉为钙镁碱釉,白色胎体的原料为高岭土掺和大颗粒高岭石,褐色胎体的原料可能为高岭土掺铁矿石等高铁质原料;孔雀蓝釉是以铜为呈色剂的中温高碱釉,使用硝石为助熔剂,在化妆土上直接施釉。两件玻璃器均为铜呈色K_2O-PbO-SiO_2系统的国产玻璃。     

夏的绿赞

伴着布谷鸟清脆悦耳的歌喉,沐着灿烂骄阳的丽日清风,步入夏季的青海高原哟,好似一夜间变成了一个绿色的世界:从三江源广袤的草原到湟水两岸的万顷田野,处处都烟罩着层层叠叠、无边无涯的绿色,仿佛整个天空都绿染了一般……哦,这浓酽欲滴的绿色哟,她绿得使人碧凉透心,她绿得令人沉醉如梦;她的绿正勃发着一股欣欣向荣的盎然生机,她的绿正寓于着一个五谷丰登的累累硕果！     

OCCURRENCES OF GREEN EARTH PIGMENT ON NORTHWEST COAST FIRST NATIONS PAINTED OBJECTS*

An analytical study of First Nations painted objects from the Northwest Coast showed that green earth (celadonite) was used as a green pigment by Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian artists. Green earth appears to have been used less frequently by Heiltsuk and Kwakwa ka ’wakw artists and was not found on Coast Salish or Nuu‐chah‐nulth objects. Microscopical samples of green paint from 82 Northwest Coast objects, as well as several pigment sources and mineral specimens, were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or X‐ray diffraction. Green earth was the most frequently identified green pigment, found in approximately 40% of the samples.     

Non-destructive in situ analysis of polychromy on ancient Cypriot sculptures

The study focuses on the characterization of polychromy on limestone sculptures from Cyprus, attributed to the Cypro-Archaic—end of the Hellenistic periods. Polychromy components were identified by integrating digital microscopy, imaging under ultraviolet (UV) light, visible-induced luminescence (VIL), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and fibre optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). Data acquisition was performed directly in exhibition rooms at the Cyprus Museum (Nicosia) and the Paphos District Archaeological Museum (Paphos). Among the identified materials, there are iron-containing (red, yellow, green) and copper-containing (green and blue) pigments. The precision of pigment identification by non-destructive techniques is discussed, and specific pigment names are proposed: red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide-hydroxide, green earth and Egyptian blue. Interesting results were obtained by VIL, which allowed identifying traces of Egyptian blue otherwise undetectable with the naked eye. Complementary, this study discusses advantages and problems of combined and separate use of portable XRF and FORS, raising the question of their complementarity and interchangeability for the purposes of pigment identification.     

Wall Paintings from the Roman Emona (Ljubljana,Slovenia): Characterization of Mortar Layers and Pigments

This study concerns the investigation of mortar layers and pigments of wall paintings from the Roman town of Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Fragments of wall paintings consist of up to three preserved mortar layers. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of the mortars were determined by means of optical microscopy and FT–IR spectroscopy. The investigated samples were divided into several groups based on similar thicknesses of the mortar layer, the binder colour and the composition of an aggregate. Furthermore, the results of mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that mortar layers consisting of carbonate grains exhibited lower porosity with respect to layers with mainly silicate grains, which is attributed to the angular shapes of carbonate aggregate. This is in accordance with the drilling resistance measurement system test (DRMS), confirming that layers with angular carbonate grains are harder than those with addition of rounded silicate ones, due to the good packing effect. The wall paintings were mainly executed using the fresco technique, while for some details secco was used. The identified pigments were red and yellow ochre, green earth, Egyptian blue, carbon black and lime white; all of them belonged to the so‐called austere pigment, which is quite common in Roman wall paintings.     

陕西旬邑西头遗址出土彩绘白灰面的成分和工艺分析

对陕西旬邑县西头遗址出土的彩绘白灰面进行了成分和制作工艺分析。采用偏光显微分析、扫描电镜能谱、X射线衍射,拉曼光谱分析了该彩绘面的颜料和石灰层成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了该彩绘面的胶料成分。结果表明,该彩绘面的颜料由铁红,铁黄和绿土构成。白灰层由碳酸钙构成,部分样品中存在双层白灰层。GC-MS分析表明,该彩绘面的胶料含动物胶,可能还含蛋类。通过比较研究发现,旬邑彩绘白灰面的制作工艺和与后期壁画制作工艺相似,对其组成和工艺的研究将有助于探索先周时期关中地区壁画的起源和发展。     

山东临淄山王村俑坑出土陶质彩绘颜料初步分析

2008年5月山东临淄山王村俑坑出土了数量较多的彩绘陶质文物,为了了解彩绘颜料结构和成分,采用粉末偏光显微法、剖面观察结合拉曼光谱分析对彩绘文物表面颜料样品进行分析。结果表明,这批陶质文物表面彩绘是以白灰做地仗层,由碳酸钙、白土、铁黑（Fe₃O₄）、铁红（Fe₂O₃）、朱砂等颜料调和而成,且厚度不均。在个别样品中发现了少量的中国蓝颗粒(BaCuSi₄O₁₀),这是这次分析中较为重要的发现,此分析结果也可为考古研究提供科学信息。     

Scientific study of the pigments and binders used in mural painting from the 16th-century ce St Mary's Church of Cheriapally,Kottyam, Kerala,and its relevance to conservation

The aim of this investigation was to analyze the materials and techniques of the paintings in the 16th-century ce St Mary's Church, to evaluate deterioration of the paintings, and to propose a suitable conservation treatment for their preservation. The material analysis of ground, pigments, binders, and plasters was undertaken using binocular microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in reflectance (KBr) and transmittance mode (attenuated total reflection), thin-film X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identifying proteinaceous and lipidic materials extracted from the micro-samples. The study generated data on two different red and green pigments used as decorative materials. The red pigments were identified as cinnabar along with traces of hematite and clay minerals, and green as malachite and the minor presence of other minerals. SEM analysis identified cotton fiber embedded in the coarse plaster layer that provided better strength to the plaster. Plant oils and proteins found as the binder in the pigment samples suggested that the painting technique was executed as tempera. Lead white and gypsum materials were used in previous restoration works.     

四川广元千佛崖石窟绿色颜料分析研究

千佛崖石窟位于广元市城北5㎞嘉陵江东岸,现存54窟、819龛、大小造像7000余身,这些珍贵文化遗产具有极高的艺术及科研价值。2008年由于受到汶川地震的影响,很多彩绘佛造像损毁情况严重,修复工作亟待进行。为此,本研究以四川千佛崖采集的7个样品的绿色颜料为研究对象,利用金相显微分析、偏光显微分析、拉曼光谱分析技术对其进行物象和成分分析。分析结果表明,千佛崖采用的绿色颜料主要为人工合成的氯铜矿和石绿,还有少量的巴黎绿,且处于颜料最外层,应为近代重新修复所施加的;同时,对于碱式氯化铜及其相关物质、石绿、巴黎绿在中国的使用情况及其应用特点进行探讨,以期对后期的保护工作提供借鉴作用。     

山东危山西汉墓出土陶器彩绘颜料研究

为研究山东危山西汉墓出土彩绘陶器颜料成分,采用偏光显微镜、显微拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪进行了分析。研究结果显示,危山汉墓陶器彩绘颜料有朱砂、铅丹、中国紫(汉紫BaCuSi2O6)、铁红、铁黑、白土等。中国紫颜料首次在山东省的发现,扩大了该颜料的使用区域,具有重要的考古学意义。另外,还在紫色颜料中分析出了BaCu2Si2O7蓝色晶体,这是继中国蓝中国紫之后的又一重大发现。     

西安长安区韩家湾M29墓壁画现场清理及保护

西安长安区韩家湾M29墓,由斜坡墓道、壁龛、天井、过洞、甬道、砖券墓室组成。墓道口与甬道之间,绘有青龙,白虎,侍者等,壁画的内容及表现方式丰富了对唐代中晚期墓葬壁画的认识。为对其进行保护,用XRD、SEM-EDX、Micro-Raman等技术对该壁画结构和颜料成分进行分析,同时对壁画进行了现场清理及保护。结果表明该墓室壁画的制作是在墓道两壁上先抹一层草拌泥地仗,再于其上刷一层白灰后绘制,绘制壁画的颜料主要为黑色,黑色颜料的呈色物相为炭黑。