湖北监利出土唐宋时期漆碗的制作材料及工艺研究

本文采用显微剖面分析、傅里叶变换显微红外光谱、热裂解气相色谱/质谱联用、扫描电镜能谱、X射线探伤及显微切片等分析技术,研究了湖北监利出土的一件唐宋时期四叶海棠花瓣状圆漆碗的制作材料及工艺。结果表明,该漆碗经过制胎、批灰、髹底漆以及髹面漆制作而成,其胎骨材料为杉木属,胎骨制作工艺为圈叠制胎技法,灰地层以中国大漆和干性油作为胶结材料,并以动物骨灰作为填料,髹漆层为中国大漆并添加干性油作为髹漆辅料,漆膜髹漆工艺为唐宋时期流行的“一色髹”。     

湖南长沙风篷岭汉墓漆器漆膜测试分析与髹漆工艺研究

对湖南长沙风篷岭汉墓出土漆器,采用漆膜切片、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线能谱和X射线衍射粉末等方法进行了髹漆工艺技术分析。结果表明:大部分漆膜采用的成膜材料为我国传统大漆,少数使用的是广漆;其制作工艺是在木胎体上用漆液裱一层麻布后再刮漆灰,打磨至光滑后髹漆,大致包含1~4层髹漆层;主要采用HgS作为漆膜的红色呈色颜料;另外在调配漆液时人为加入了含有石英颗粒的粘土矿,其作用应是改善漆液粘度而方便涂刷。     

安徽巢湖放王岗出土西汉漆器漆膜测试分析

为了解放王岗出土漆器的髹漆技术,采用了漆膜切片技术、X射线衍射粉末法、傅立叶红外光谱法和显微镜等分析方法对漆器残片进行了分析。实验结果表明:大部分的漆膜包含1～3层髹漆层,一些漆膜中存在着漆灰层;采用了HgS作为漆膜的红色呈色颜料;可能采用了混合大漆和其它有机物的漆料;特别是漆膜中发现了含量约在5%左右的石英颗粒,其成因和作用值得现代漆器业去研究。     

河南信阳战国楚墓出土彩席漆膜的成分、表面形态及髹漆工艺分析

河南信阳城阳城遗址M8为高等级战国晚期楚国贵族墓,该墓出土了以漆木器为主的各类文物400余件,其中尤以黑、红两色竹蔑编织而成的髹漆竹席最为精美。为开展彩漆竹席脱水保护提供基础数据,采用激光共聚焦显微镜、拉曼分析仪和傅里叶红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)等现代分析仪器对竹席漆膜的成分及表面形态进行了分析,并在此基础上,结合传统髹漆文献资料探讨了漆膜的制作工艺。结果表明:城阳城彩席中的黑色漆膜为大漆自然显色,红色漆膜是大漆掺加朱砂调制而成;黑色漆膜表面较为平整,漆膜与胎体结合紧密,红色漆膜表面相对粗糙,结构较为疏松;竹席漆膜的厚度在0.02~0.03 mm之间,应是由大漆涂刷至少3~5次制备而成。研究结果可为下一步的彩漆竹席的脱水保护及展示提供基础数据。     

浙江松阳出土南宋剔犀漆器的制作工艺及材质的研究

为了研究中国古代漆器的髹漆工艺并为漆器的保护修复提供相应的科学依据,本研究通过显微镜、显微红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线荧光光谱、显微激光拉曼光谱等方法对浙江松阳出土南宋剔犀漆器残样的制作工艺和材质进行了研究分析。分析结果说明该漆器采用杉木作为漆胎,并在其上涂刷了以高岭土(AL2_O_3·2SiO_2·2H_2O)与动物毛发为主要成分的胎地填料(底灰)。然后分别在器物内外表面上髹饰上调制而成黑色和红色的天然生漆。将外表面红色漆膜雕刻成如意云纹,并在云纹边缘描绘黑漆线作为修饰,最后再在其上髹饰一层红色面漆。漆器红漆和黑漆层由同种天然生漆髹漆而成,但是两者采用的颜料分别为HgS和含Fe的黑色颜料。     

盱眙东阳汉墓两件木胎漆器髹漆工艺探讨

江苏盱眙县境内的东阳秦汉古墓群是一处重要的秦汉遗址.迄今为止,墓葬出土了大批精美的漆器,为了解汉代广陵国髹漆工艺提供了珍贵的资料.为了解其髹漆工艺特点,采用了切片技术、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和傅立叶红外吸收光谱(FTIR)等分析方法对其中两件木胎漆器进行了分析研究.漆膜切片显示素色漆器的漆膜由漆灰层和黑色漆层构成,而彩绘漆器由三层结构组成.分别为灰地、底漆层和色漆层;XRD图谱发现漆灰层中的填料主要为石英(AiO2)和钠长石(NaAISi3O8),漆膜中的红色颜料为朱砂(HgS);红色漆膜的XRF显示了其主要元素是Hg和S,包括Ca、Si、Cu和Fe等微量元素.漆膜的FTIR分析数据显示漆膜中在1630cm-1和1576cm-1处存在着可能是苯环骨架振动的红外吸收峰.研究结果说明了本地髹漆工艺主要分为三个步骤:1)髹漆灰,漆灰层是由生漆调和研磨成细粒的钠长石矿物构成,它能制作出厚度约0.1～0.2 mm薄漆灰层;2)髹底漆,厚度约为0.02～0.09 mm;3)彩绘,红色漆膜中的颜料为朱砂,朱砂含有微量的Ca、Si、Cu和Fe等杂质,表明其来自矿采.     

北魏司马金龙墓出土木板漆画漆膜的科学分析

利用扫描电镜及其附带的能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)、超景深三维显微系统对北魏司马金龙墓木板漆画表面髹饰的七种颜料及漆膜断面进行了测试。结果表明:髹制色漆漆膜所用的彩绘颜料分别为:红色是朱砂,黄色是雌黄和雄黄,黑色是炭,白色是铅白和石膏,灰蓝和青绿可能是用蓝色铅矿与黄色砷矿按不同比例调和而成,橙红是用朱砂与雌黄和雄黄调制而成;漆灰层是由生漆添加羟基磷灰石和含硅的黏土类矿物组成。     

四川绵阳双包山汉墓出土部分漆器的制作工艺及老化程度分析

四川绵阳双包山二号汉墓发掘于1995年,为西汉早中期的墓葬,其规模巨大,是四川省迄今发现最大的一座木椁墓。尽管早期被盗,但仍然出土了 1 000余件遗物。该墓葬出土的8片银缕玉衣残片,以及数量较多的漆木马、骑马俑和车舆组成的仪仗队,足以证明其墓主身份的高贵。为保护修复双包山汉墓出土的漆器,利用扫描电子显微镜-能量色散光谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等分析方法对漆盘、漆耳杯、漆钵和漆木仓4件文物样品(编号分别为Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4)的截面形貌、颜料成分等髹漆工艺及漆膜的成分、老化程度等进行分析。红外分析结果表明,双包山汉墓漆器所用漆料为大漆,且不含桐油;截面分析结果表明四个样品均无漆灰层,Q1、Q2、Q4号样品内侧均是黑色的底漆层之上涂红色大漆,而Q3号样品内侧及Q1、Q2、Q3号样品外侧均是在黑色底漆层之上描绘红色纹饰,而Q4号样品外侧只有一层黑色底漆层。即大部分漆器为木材胎体表面直接髹黑色底漆层,其上再刷一层红色漆膜或绘制红色纹饰的工艺,少部分只有一层黑色大漆层,而无色漆和纹饰。红色漆膜表面平整,厚度比较均匀,而黑色漆膜厚度相差较大;EDS及XRD分析结果表明,黑、红两色漆膜的主要成分分别为炭黑和朱砂。该制作工艺不同于楚地漆器,但与马王堆M2、广州东山大墓、长沙市风篷岭M1出土漆器制作工艺类似,说明巴蜀地区与岭南、长沙地区可能存在漆器工艺或成品的交流。另外,SEM及FTIR分析结果表明,Q3表层无明显龟裂,且未出现降解所致红外吸收峰,相较于其他样品保存状况相对良好。相较于以往对双包山汉墓的研究,本研究更侧重于科技分析,如对漆器样品的截面形貌、颜料及漆膜的成分、老化程度等进行全面的分析,揭示了双包山汉墓漆器的制作工艺及保存状况,并与不同地区的漆器制作工艺进行了对比,对研究漆器工艺或成品的交流提供了依据。     

应用热辅助水解甲基化裂解气相色谱质谱技术对古代漆器漆膜的分析研究

为了改良漆器漆膜的性能,古代漆工在制作过程中通常向生漆中加入干性油等添加剂。为了确定生漆及添加剂的种类,本工作采用四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)作为甲基化试剂,利用热辅助水解甲基化裂解气相色谱质谱(THM-Py-GC/MS)技术对所选的参考样品进行分析,然后将成熟的方法和实验条件应用到古代漆器的分析研究中。在古代样品中检测出了3-十五烷基邻苯二酚(C15)、3-十五烯基邻苯二酚(C15:1)等来源于中国、日本地区种植的Rhus vernicifera树种的生漆的特征热裂解化合物,确定了所用生漆的种类。另外,本实验在古代漆器中检测到了棕榈酸、硬脂酸、庚酸、辛酸和壬二酸等脂肪酸,推断该漆膜中添加了干性油。利用三维视频显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析方法发现古代漆器采用了在胎体上依次髹漆灰、底漆和色漆的髹漆工艺,其中漆灰主要由漆液和钠长石、石英调制而成,黑色漆膜的呈色颜料为含铁化合物,揭示了古代漆器的髹漆工艺。该研究结果不仅增强人们对古代漆器制作材料和工艺的科学认知,而且为保护漆器这一独特的文化遗产提供科学依据。     

六件宋代温州漆器成分结构及工艺剖析

为用现代化学分析手段来揭示古代漆器的髹漆工艺,对六件宋代温州漆器残片成分和髹漆工艺进行了分析。在利用现代化学分析方法,借助扫描电子显微镜、X-射线能谱仪、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱、红外光谱、X-射线粉末衍射、体视显微镜等对漆器残片漆膜成分展开分析。结果表明,红色漆膜的主要成分是朱砂(硫化汞),黑色漆膜的主要显色成分可能是炭黑;漆膜结构劣化降解明显,存在多种微缺陷;漆膜中成膜成分是生漆;截面分层明显;银扣漆器中的扣体成分是锡和二氧化锡的混合物而不是金属银,应命名为锡扣漆器;戗金和描金残片漆灰部分的X射线粉末衍射的分析结果表明漆灰层中有添加动物灰的做法。     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

Comparison of analytical techniques for analysis of archaeological bronze

While many analyses of archaeological bronzes have been reported in the literature, in practice it is very difficult to compare them. To assess the present status of the chemical analysis of bronze two ancient objects—a flat axe (arsenic bronze) and a sickle (tin bronze)—were cut into pieces weighing about 2 g each and were distributed to 11 laboratories. The participants used the following methods for analysis: INAA, ED–XRF, PIXE, TRXRF, FAAS, ICP–AES, ICP–MS, SEM–EDS, LA–ICP–MS and PGAA. The samples were analysed in at least quadruplicate. Dixon's and Iglewicz and Hoaglin's tests were used to detect outliers. The majority of methods provided comparable results, especially for macroelements, independent of the technique and standards used. The number of determined elements depended on the method and, naturally, on the concentration level. Therefore an important recommendation that can be made is to supply, with each archaeometric investigation, data from the analysis of appropriate Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) used in the study.