内蒙古阿尔寨石窟壁画制作工艺和颜料的分析研究

为了解阿尔寨石窟壁画的制作工艺和颜料成分,采用偏光显微镜分析、剖面分析,并结合X射线衍射分析对6个洞窟的23个样品进行了分析。为了进一步研究阿尔寨石窟壁画颜料,还通过偏光显微法对其他地区和年代的壁画颜料进行了对比研究。结果表明,其绘制方法是先用加有麦秸的粘土将洞窟壁面抹平,然后用石灰涂白。再施以彩绘。所使用的颜料为矿物质颜料,多为绿、白、红、蓝色等。其绿色颜料为氯铜矿,白色颜料为碳酸钙,红色颜料为朱砂和铅丹,蓝色颜料为石青。     

进口蓝色颜料Smalt在故宫建福宫彩画中的使用和保存状况研究

故宫的内檐彩画中时常会发现有从欧洲进口的蓝色颜料Smalt。本项研究借助于光学显微镜、显微激光拉曼光谱仪和扫描电镜分析,初步确定了蓝色颜料Smalt在建福宫使用的区域,并结合建福宫的历史档案,推测蓝色颜料Smalt可能使用的年代。石青和Smalt混合后作为蓝色绘画颜料的工艺也很有特点。此外,借助光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析,本文确认了蓝色颜料Smalt的褪色和表层阳离子的流失状况。     

西安周至胡家堡关帝庙壁画颜料分析研究

本文通过粉末偏光显微和便携式X射线荧光光谱分析方法,对西安周至胡家堡关帝庙壁画的颜料进行科学分析。结果表明,关帝庙壁画颜料包括天然无机颜料和人工合成颜料共10种。其中红色为朱砂、铅丹和铁红;黄色为铁黄;黑色为炭黑;蓝色为人造群青、有机蓝和钴蓝;绿色为人造氯铜矿和巴黎绿。推测光绪七年建献殿时绘制献殿壁画,同时重绘正殿壁画。壁画中的关公形象为典型关公造型,具有戏曲化特点。蓝色颜料的使用应为突显特征服饰和兵器,也与人造群青的大量使用有关。关帝庙壁画颜料分析结果为壁画保护修复提供科学依据,并为丰富关中地区清代壁画颜料研究提供补充资料。     

江苏泰州南山寺大雄宝殿彩画颜料分析

泰州南山寺历史上曾为皇家寺院,现为江苏省文物保护单位。2019年南京博物院对南山寺大雄宝殿的古建彩画进行保护方案设计,是1949年以来首次对该建筑彩画进行检测分析。通过少量颜料采样,进行超景深显微观察、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜能谱分析和拉曼光谱分析。结果表明红色颜料为朱砂,蓝色颜料为人造群青,绿色颜料为氯砷钠铜石,白色颜料为石灰石。检测分析结果为江苏地区较高等级的寺观建筑研究提供了重要信息。     

甘肃泾川罗汉洞石窟壁画及制作工艺研究

罗汉洞石窟始凿于北朝,是泾川百里石窟长廊的重要组成部分。作为古代丝绸之路上的重要历史文化遗产,其赋存的石窟壁画内容丰富,制作工艺特殊,对于研究泾川佛教的发展及丝绸之路文明有着重要的价值。通过罗汉洞壁画材质组成、结构特征等综合分析,壁画主体结构由内到外依次为支撑体,粗泥层(添加有麦秸),细泥层(添加有棉花),白底层,颜料层。壁画多处可看出重层现象,内层早期壁画所采用颜料均为矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为朱砂,绿色颜料为氯铜矿,蓝色颜料为石青。而外层清代光绪年间壁画红色颜料为铁红,绿色颜料为巴黎绿,蓝色颜料为群青,橙色颜料为铁黄,黑色颜料为炭黑。通过对罗汉洞石窟壁画制作工艺进行诠释与解读,并与其他丝路沿线壁画颜料应用方面进行比对,以期促进这一丝路文化遗产的保护和利用。     

钴蓝颜料（Smalt）在故宫建福宫彩画中的发现

钴蓝颜料（Smalt）是一种产自欧洲的进口蓝色颜料,是一种经过研磨的钴玻璃粉末,从十五世纪中叶开始广泛用于欧洲油画与壁画中。在故宫的建福宫中发现有这种钴蓝颜料（Smalt）。但在明清文献中,钴蓝颜料（Smalt）尚无明确记载。本文主要对始建于乾隆七年（公元1742年）的建福宫内檐脊枋彩画进行了调查和采样,采用显微镜分析和显微激光拉曼光谱分析蓝色颜料的种类和彩画结构,特别是钴蓝颜料（Smalt）使用的时代和分布进行了认真的研究。分析结果表明：建福宫建造时,靛蓝是一种经常使用的蓝色颜料,故宫建福宫钴蓝（Smalt）颜料的使用时代晚于建筑的建成年代（公元1742年）,而且一般与颗粒大小接近的石青混用。     

阿尔寨石窟壁画颜料的拉曼光谱分析

本文利用拉曼光谱对内蒙古阿尔寨石窟壁画不同颜料进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明．绿色颜料为碱式氯化铜、蓝色颜料为蓝铜矿、白色为方解石、红色为朱砂、黑色为碳黑。这为阿尔寨石窟壁画进行研究及保护工作提供了科学的依据。同时也表明,拉曼光谱简便、快速、对样品要求量小．对样品无损分析,符合文物材质分析的要求,并可得到准确的信息。     

清代外销油画《镇海楼》颜料的分析鉴别

为研究清代外销油画《镇海楼》颜料成分及颜料层状况,利用数码显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱并结合扫描电镜能谱技术对其进行观察和检测。研究表明,此幅清代油画中红色颜料分别为朱砂和赭石,蓝色颜料为普鲁士蓝,黄色颜料则为雄黄和铁黄,白色颜料为铅白。通过显微镜观察发现画中部分颜料层有开裂和局部剥落现象。本研究分析为中国清代油画的材料技法、保护修复及美术史研究提供了极具价值的信息。     

广元千佛崖莲花洞彩绘颜料拉曼光谱分析

为了解广元千佛崖莲花洞造像的制作工艺与彩绘颜料成分,利用体视显微分析、金相显微分析、激光拉曼光谱分析技术对其进行物相和成分分析。分析结果表明,莲花洞造像彩绘直接绘制在岩石雕像表面,无底层。彩绘颜料分为多层,最多有三层,说明历史上至少有两次重绘。红色颜料为赤铁矿、朱砂;蓝色颜料主要为青金石与石青;绿色颜料为石绿、碱式氯化铜;白色颜料为硫酸铅。同时也表明,拉曼光谱分析彩绘颜料成分组成简便、快速、对样品要求量小,对样品无损分析,符合文物材质分析的要求,并可得到准确的信息。造像彩绘制作材料及工艺的分析结果为莲花洞造像彩绘保护研究提供了科学依据。     

一件15世纪藏文写本插图绘制颜料的原位无损分析检测

采用原位无损的分析检测手段对一件15世纪藏文写本《松赞干布遗训》插图部分进行检测,通过联合使用三维视频显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪(Raman)三种仪器,在不对文物进行破坏取样的前提下得到藏文古籍手绘插图所用颜料的化学结构、颜色调制方法等信息。检测结果表明:手绘插图主色颜料红色为朱砂,黄色为雌黄,蓝色为靛蓝,黑色炭黑,白色推测为高岭土;副色颜料绿色由蓝色靛蓝和黄色雌黄调和而成,橘色由红色朱砂和黄色雌黄调和而成,粉色由白色高岭土和红色朱砂调和而成。检测结果为研究西藏传统颜料化学成分、使用方法、变色脱落等病害产生的原因等提供了重要的依据。     

Scientific study of the pigments and binders used in mural painting from the 16th-century ce St Mary's Church of Cheriapally,Kottyam, Kerala,and its relevance to conservation

The aim of this investigation was to analyze the materials and techniques of the paintings in the 16th-century ce St Mary's Church, to evaluate deterioration of the paintings, and to propose a suitable conservation treatment for their preservation. The material analysis of ground, pigments, binders, and plasters was undertaken using binocular microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in reflectance (KBr) and transmittance mode (attenuated total reflection), thin-film X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identifying proteinaceous and lipidic materials extracted from the micro-samples. The study generated data on two different red and green pigments used as decorative materials. The red pigments were identified as cinnabar along with traces of hematite and clay minerals, and green as malachite and the minor presence of other minerals. SEM analysis identified cotton fiber embedded in the coarse plaster layer that provided better strength to the plaster. Plant oils and proteins found as the binder in the pigment samples suggested that the painting technique was executed as tempera. Lead white and gypsum materials were used in previous restoration works.     

Polychromic structures and pigments in Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grotto of the Tang Dynasty (China)

This paper presents a multi-analytical study of the polychromy in the Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grotto. Samples taken from 15 locations in No. 512 and No. 689 caves are prepared as cross-sections for the analysis by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with backscattered electron imaging (SEM-BSE). The cross section analysis indicates that some paintings were repainted in the past. The chemical composition of each painting layer is obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The main pigments for 15 samples including green, red, blue, white and black paint layers, are identified by the combination of polarized light microscopy (PLM), Fourier Transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The integrated analytical results reveal that the green pigments are malachite and atacamite; the red color is attributed to minium, hematite and cinnabar; the blue pigments are lazurite and organic blue materials; the white color is ascribed to anglesite and gypsum; and the black surface of polychrome is the accumulation of longtime smudging by folk burning incense in the devotional practice or the soot deposition resulting from burning bonfires in the caves. Some arsenic-containing pigment is detected in the green samples. This case study also demonstrates the advantages and the limitations of every analytical technique for the pigment identification, confirming the necessity of the integrated analytical techniques approach. The present results are not only useful to assist in the authenticity of the used pigment materials and history of the polychromic in the past, but also aimed at guiding the conservation scientists in taking into account materials and methods utilized in the past.     

陕西安康紫阳北五省会馆壁画颜料分析研究

陕西安康紫阳北五省会馆壁画是目前陕西省境内发现的最大的一处建筑壁画,为了解其颜料组成,本工作采用X射线荧光、偏光显微镜、X射线衍射、激光显微拉曼光谱及扫描电镜能谱分析相结合的分析方法,对颜料样品进行了分析。结果表明,北五省会馆壁画除正殿发现一处红色染料外,其他均为无机颜料;红色颜料主要是铅丹、朱砂、铁红;绿色颜料为氯铜矿、石绿、斜氯铜矿;蓝色颜料的主要成分是普鲁士蓝、smalt、石青;黄色颜料为雌黄、铁黄;褐色颜料的主要成分是铁红及铅丹的变色产物二氧化铅;黑色为炭黑;白色颜料主要是铅白,且多使用铅白作为调色颜料。研究结果对于了解清代民间壁画的制作工艺,丰富对陕西建筑壁画的认识具有重要意义。     

新疆阿斯塔那唐墓出土彩塑的制作工艺和颜料分析

新疆阿斯塔那古墓群出土了大量的彩塑,为了解其制作工艺与彩绘颜料成分,采用显微激光拉曼光谱,结合剖面观察和能量色散X射线荧光光谱等科技手段,对出土于唐墓的6个样品进行了分析鉴定.结果表明,泥胎表面先用硬石膏做打底层,再施以彩绘,且彩绘颜料厚薄有异.所使用的红、黄、黑、白和绿色颜料有铅丹、密陀僧、朱砂和土红、雌黄、炭黑、硬石膏及氯铜矿等无机颜料,而粉色彩绘是由铅丹(或铅丹和密陀僧的混合物)与硬石膏调和而成,且密陀僧作为彩绘颜料在新疆是较早的发现.其最为重要的发现是蓝色彩绘为植物性染料——靛蓝.这一研究结果,为进一步的彩塑修复与保护方案的制订提供了有价值参考.     

甘肃泾川出土5件佛教造像彩绘分析及相关研究

运用显微观察、荧光拍照、偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜能谱分析手段,对#87北魏造像碑、#99隋代佛头、#54宋代残破佛头和2件泥塑佛像残块表面彩绘进行研究。结果显示,北魏和隋代造像红色为朱砂,绿色为石绿,白色为方解石;隋代造像面部肉色为硫酸铅和朱砂的混合物,眼黑为炭黑;宋代造像表面红色为铁红,白色为方解石;泥塑残块#1表面蓝色为石青和石绿的混合物,#2表面为朱砂,判断其制作年代不晚于唐代中期。白灰层主要成分为碳酸钙,并具有亮白色荧光反应,与碳酸钙粉末混合有机胶制成白灰层的荧光反应一致,判断古代样品白灰层中可能存在有机胶结质。在元素分析过程中,铅(Pb)一直存在,而在物相分析中并没有发现Pb的化合物。同样问题在早期关中出土墓葬壁画分析中同样存在,是否与彩绘工艺本身有关,值得引起关注。     

山东危山西汉墓出土陶器彩绘颜料研究

为研究山东危山西汉墓出土彩绘陶器颜料成分,采用偏光显微镜、显微拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪进行了分析。研究结果显示,危山汉墓陶器彩绘颜料有朱砂、铅丹、中国紫(汉紫BaCuSi2O6)、铁红、铁黑、白土等。中国紫颜料首次在山东省的发现,扩大了该颜料的使用区域,具有重要的考古学意义。另外,还在紫色颜料中分析出了BaCu2Si2O7蓝色晶体,这是继中国蓝中国紫之后的又一重大发现。     

Wall Paintings from the Roman Emona (Ljubljana,Slovenia): Characterization of Mortar Layers and Pigments

This study concerns the investigation of mortar layers and pigments of wall paintings from the Roman town of Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Fragments of wall paintings consist of up to three preserved mortar layers. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of the mortars were determined by means of optical microscopy and FT–IR spectroscopy. The investigated samples were divided into several groups based on similar thicknesses of the mortar layer, the binder colour and the composition of an aggregate. Furthermore, the results of mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that mortar layers consisting of carbonate grains exhibited lower porosity with respect to layers with mainly silicate grains, which is attributed to the angular shapes of carbonate aggregate. This is in accordance with the drilling resistance measurement system test (DRMS), confirming that layers with angular carbonate grains are harder than those with addition of rounded silicate ones, due to the good packing effect. The wall paintings were mainly executed using the fresco technique, while for some details secco was used. The identified pigments were red and yellow ochre, green earth, Egyptian blue, carbon black and lime white; all of them belonged to the so‐called austere pigment, which is quite common in Roman wall paintings.     

陕西蓝田水陆庵彩绘泥塑颜料分析研究

水陆庵位于陕西蓝田王顺山下,庵内现存三百余平方米精美绝伦的明代彩绘泥塑,是我国泥塑保存最多、最完整的明代彩绘泥塑群之一。为明确水陆庵彩绘泥塑的颜料使用情况,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微红外光谱仪、扫描电镜-能谱仪和显微拉曼光谱仪对颜料样品进行科学分析。结果表明,除中隔壁背面重妆区域的蓝色颜料主要成分是普鲁士蓝之外,水陆庵彩塑使用的颜料大多为矿物颜料,包括铅丹、朱砂、铁红、氯铜矿、雌黄和云母等。研究结果将为水陆庵后续保护修复提供科学依据,并为丰富关中地区明代彩绘泥塑颜料类型补充科学信息。     

Non-destructive in situ analysis of polychromy on ancient Cypriot sculptures

The study focuses on the characterization of polychromy on limestone sculptures from Cyprus, attributed to the Cypro-Archaic—end of the Hellenistic periods. Polychromy components were identified by integrating digital microscopy, imaging under ultraviolet (UV) light, visible-induced luminescence (VIL), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and fibre optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). Data acquisition was performed directly in exhibition rooms at the Cyprus Museum (Nicosia) and the Paphos District Archaeological Museum (Paphos). Among the identified materials, there are iron-containing (red, yellow, green) and copper-containing (green and blue) pigments. The precision of pigment identification by non-destructive techniques is discussed, and specific pigment names are proposed: red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide-hydroxide, green earth and Egyptian blue. Interesting results were obtained by VIL, which allowed identifying traces of Egyptian blue otherwise undetectable with the naked eye. Complementary, this study discusses advantages and problems of combined and separate use of portable XRF and FORS, raising the question of their complementarity and interchangeability for the purposes of pigment identification.