薄荷醇/石膏复合体系用于考古发掘现场临时固型提取的可行性研究

复杂而且脆弱的文物或化石的提取和搬迁是考古或化石发掘现场最常见的技术难题。采用石膏对这些文物或化石进行现场固型再提取是常用的应急性保护手段之一,对此类文物或化石的提取和搬迁具有重要作用。但石膏含有可溶盐,应用时需引入水,并大量放热,对文物或化石有潜在危害,而且石膏难以完全去除。 近年来,薄荷醇、环十二烷等可挥发性临时固型材料受到了极大关注,被越来越多地应用在发掘现场。其最大的优点就是固型材料可以通过升华轻易被去除,无残留,不会影响后续的考古研究和保护工作。但是有机物小分子固化后强度偏低,不适合较大较重文物或化石的固型提取。 针对考古发掘现场复杂脆弱而且较大、重的文物或化石的提取和搬迁需求,提出了新型临时固型材料薄荷醇和石膏复合应用的现场固型提取技术体系。本工作研究了石膏和有机小分子薄荷醇的相容性和匹配性,实验室研究结果显示薄荷醇除了在样品表面实现有效固型,还能快速在模拟样品表面形成一层致密的疏水隔离层,有效地阻止石膏加固过程中水和可溶盐的进入;而且实验数据显示石膏放热不影响薄荷醇疏水隔离层的功能。实验结果显示薄荷醇和石膏二者性能互补,有望满足发掘现场对大、重文物或化石的固型提取需求。 以新疆哈密翼龙化石的现场发掘提取为例,采用薄荷醇/石膏复合材料体系现场固型并提取一块约20 kg重的化石样品,结果证实石膏和薄荷醇复合使用技术可以很好地固型并提取较大较重的样品,同时避免了水和可溶盐对化石的破坏,而由于薄荷醇隔离层的存在,石膏的去除也非常彻底,整体固型提取效果良好。     

薄荷醇作为临时固型材料在文物保护中的应用

文物承载着丰富的历史文化信息。在考古发掘时,对于丝绸、纸张、壁画、岩画等脆弱文物遗迹的提取是考古工作的重点。为完整提取脆弱遗迹保证重要考古资料不遗失,需要在考古挖掘现场对脆弱遗迹进行临时加固。薄荷醇作为新型考古发掘现场临时固型提取材料,已在考古工地上成功应用,也引起了国外考古学界同行的高度关注。本工作总结了薄荷醇的基本性能和使用方法,并介绍了其作为临时固型材料在保护修复中的应用情况。结果表明,以薄荷醇衍生物为主体,设计合成具有梯度熔点、梯度加固强度和梯度挥发时间的临时固型材料,可为考古现场提供多样化、多功能集成化、高效便捷的固型材料。     

考古发掘现场出土脆弱遗迹提取方法研究述评

考古发掘现场脆弱遗迹提取关系到遗迹长期保存及后续保护修复,因此要求提取方法科学、严谨,所用材料安全、有效。本文以考古发掘现场文物保护与修复工作实际出发,总结了提取材料的要求与原则,回顾了考古发掘现场出土脆弱遗迹所用的石膏提取、聚氨酯泡沫提取、环十二烷提取以及薄荷醇提取等几种方法的使用情况,评述了其提取工艺及性能,并对考古发掘现场出土脆弱遗迹提取方法未来研究方向进行了展望。     

薄荷醇提取秦俑坑出土彩绘遗迹的性能评估研究

薄荷醇作为新型的考古发掘现场临时固型提取材料,已经在秦俑一号坑的考古工地上得到了成功应用,但是关于薄荷醇实施提取的安全性能评估还需要深入研究。本实验开展了薄荷醇在秦俑一号坑考古发掘现场的遗迹(土壤和彩绘漆皮)上的实验室性能评估;采用压汞法研究了薄荷醇处理前后秦俑土颗粒的孔隙结构变化;采用超景深三维视频显微镜考察了薄荷醇施加并挥发过程中秦俑土和彩绘漆皮的显微结构变化;采用GC-MS分析了薄荷醇的残留;对薄荷醇挥发过程中在文物遗迹基底上的再结晶现象进行了讨论。研究结果表明,薄荷醇提取遗迹后不会破坏秦俑土的物理结构,彩绘漆皮形貌完好,作为考古发掘现场遗迹提取材料,薄荷醇在出土秦俑彩绘遗迹上使用时是安全的。     

河北行唐故郡遗址出土脆弱质车轮提取研究

考古发掘中经常遇到叠压复杂的脆弱质遗存,对这类遗存的提取是一个难点。以河北行唐故郡遗址CMK2五号车的左侧车轮遗迹为例,介绍了一种使用薄荷醇临时固型结合刚性支撑技术来提取较大脆弱质遗存的方法。通过精细发掘与预探测、车轮本体加固、薄荷醇临时固型、添加刚性支撑、整体提取、背面清理与加固、正面清理保护等技术流程,对左轮遗迹进行了成功提取和保护,其中发掘技术、刚性支撑技术、临时固型材料薄荷醇起到了关键作用。研究结果为此类较大平面脆弱质遗存的整体提取和保护提供了技术参考。     

薄荷醇提取发掘现场脆弱遗迹及其安全性研究

薄荷醇在食品、化妆品、医药等行业应用广泛。本研究通过利用它在室温下快速升华的特点,将其应用于考古发掘现场脆弱遗迹提取工作中。实验室通过对薄荷醇升华和挥发动力学分析表征,并研究了其渗透性、载土量、残留量及其与温度时间的作用关系,归纳了薄荷醇提取脆弱遗迹的施工工艺,综合研究表明薄荷醇在考古发掘现场提取脆弱遗迹是安全有效的,并对后续研究方向进行展望。     

出土脆弱木质遗存的整体提取与修复——以谢尔塔拉M11椁盖为例

本文以内蒙古谢尔塔拉墓地M11椁盖为例,介绍了薄荷醇临时加固揭取脆弱木质文物的保护技术。本研究显示,使用薄荷醇作为临时加固材料,可以实现干燥环境出土脆弱木质遗存的整体提取,为类似出土遗物的现场提取和完整保存提供了技术参考。     

薄荷醇在“南海Ⅰ号”饱水木质文物上安全脱除方法的实验室研究

薄荷醇作为新兴的考古出土脆弱文物提取用临时固型材料,在越来越多的考古现场得到了应用,涉及文物材质不断增多,但是文物提取到室内之后薄荷醇如何快速、安全脱除成为后期处理时面临的实际难题。最常用的去除方法是让薄荷醇自然挥发,但是薄荷醇挥发的同时,水分也会挥发;随着水分的挥发,对失水敏感的饱水有机质文物将会出现干缩等问题。为研究薄荷醇在饱水木质文物上的安全脱除技术,本研究以“南海Ⅰ号”沉船出水的饱水树皮和糟朽散木为对象,探讨自然挥发、补水挥发、乙醇去除、乙醇去除+补水、加热+补水5种不同的脱除方法,通过评估不同方法处理前后树皮和散木的外观形态、质量损失和尺寸稳定性,优选出适合饱水木质文物上薄荷醇的安全脱除方法。结果显示:树皮脱除薄荷醇需要补水,散木脱除薄荷醇需要乙醇快速去除。 综合效果来看,乙醇去除或者乙醇去除+补水相结合的方式是饱水木质文物最佳的薄荷醇安全去除方法。本研究将为考古和文物保护人员在使用薄荷醇提取饱水木质文物后期处理上提供技术参考。     

陕北马头山道教真身（肉身）泥塑像搬迁及保护研究

陕西马头山道教真身泥塑造像是以其身体为主,加入麦秸作局部支撑,裹布上泥而成,十分脆弱,急需搬迁和保护。为此,采用环十二烷预加固、贴布紧固及其底边托换等技术对真身造像进行了临时加固,圆满地完成了搬迁,并开展了展示性保护修复工作。本工作成果对高危造像的保护修复与搬迁具有借鉴作用。     

环十二烷对于考古碳十四测年影响的研究

<正>环十二烷(CDD)是一种挥发性有机固体,可用于脆弱考古文物材料的加固。而对于CDD的使用及其挥发后可能存在的残留物对随后有机考古材料分析的影响还缺乏研究。为了确定CDD作为一种临时性固化剂是否会引起材料~(14)C年代的变化,实验采用加速器质谱法(AMS)对已知年代的葫芦皮样品(未经和经过     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).