胶研水对几种传统纸张性能的影响

由明矾和胶料配制而成的胶矾水,是书画绘制、装裱和修复过程中经常使用的材料。胶矾水具有防腐、固色和增加机械力度等功能,但对纸质文物的耐久性有一定的影响。本研究选用宣纸、桑皮纸和连史纸等代表性的传统手工制纸,在它们的表面分别涂敷不同浓度的胶矾水,经干热老化后,对比分析它们的酸碱度、白度、耐折度和抗张强度的变化,揭示胶矾水对这几种手工纸张性能的影响,进而探讨其影响机理。研究结果表明,胶矾水将增加纸张的酸度、降低纸张的白度,明胶水能提升纸张的机械强度,而不同浓度明矾对纸张机械强度的影响存在差异。     

The making of a monster: the historical image of William Rufus

Few writers, medieval or modern, have had much good to write about William Rufus, the second Norman king of England (1087–1100). Beginning in the twelfth century, chroniclers and historians have portrayed William as a cruel, grasping, and sacriligious ruler. This study traces the development of this unflattering historical image from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries and notes that the religious convictions which encouraged medieval churchmen to condemn Rufus were offset in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by a more political and anti-catholic approach to his reign. Beginning in the eighteenth century, however, historians abandoned this more flattering portrayal and returned once again to the evil image concocted by the monastic chroniclers.     

书画修复中可替代明矾的施胶沉淀剂筛选研究

明矾是我国传统书画修复装裱中一种极其重要的材料,但明矾水解析出酸,会促使纸张纤维素发生酸性水解。研究对比了明矾和水解后具有高阳离子电荷的6种沉淀剂对宣纸施胶前后的pH值、疏水性、色差、力学性能变化和对国画颜料的固色效果,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)测试宣纸施胶后的化学键合状况(包括沉淀剂与胶料、纤维),结合高场~(27)Al核磁共振波谱(~(27)Al-NMR)测试了纸张施胶中铝盐沉淀剂的水解聚合形态,及其与胶料混合后对宣纸表面化学形态变化的影响。结果表明,白色聚合氯化铝(PAC)施胶宣纸pH值可达到7以上,作为沉淀剂的施胶液处理后的宣纸具有一定的疏水性,湿热老化过程中具有较高的耐折度和抗张强度,色差变化小,对颜料固色效果好。SEM分析表明,白色PAC可使胶料分布较均匀,能在一定程度上包覆、填充宣纸纤维和孔隙。~(27)Al-NMR、ATR-FTIR及固化性能分析表明,PAC多核铝[AlO_4Al_(12)(OH)_(24)(H_2O)_(12)]~(7+)(Al_(13))含量相对较高,对明胶也具有促干剂作用,可和胶料产生键合,形成网状络合物,适合替代明矾作为施胶沉淀剂。     

Florentine alum mining in the Hospitaller islands: the appalto of 1442

This article publishes a document from the archives of the Order of Saint John recording the Hospitallers’ concession of an alum exploration and mining monopoly, an appalto, to a group of Florentines in 1442, and examines the implications of this agreement for the economic development of the Latin East in this period. This enterprise forms part of a pattern showing Florentine merchants attempting to extend their activities further up the alum supply chain and so to gain increasing control over a commodity of vital importance to their city’s economy, for which they had been dependent on the Genoese who dominated the trade. This development in turn forms part of a wider fifteenth-century trend of the Florentines interloping in areas of activity previously the preserve of other communities, principally the Venetians and Genoese, with a long-established maritime, territorial, diplomatic and commercial position in the eastern Mediterranean. It also forms part of a pattern of new speculative alum mining enterprises in the Aegean in the mid-fifteenth century, calling into question the traditional view that the alum trade was afflicted by a glut at this time, and thus also the traditional explanation of the ensuing consolidation of alum firms. The article also compares this document with a previously published contract issued the preceding year, concluding that the differences between them reflect the developing familiarity of the Hospitaller leadership with the mining business, while their common characteristics confirm the currency of the term appalto in the mining business of this period as denoting a monopoly. It tentatively concludes that this effort to establish an alum mining industry in Hospitaller territory was probably ultimately unsuccessful.     

The Characterization of Vegetable Tannins and Colouring Agents in Ancient Egyptian Leather from the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

This work characterizes both tanning and colouring materials found in ancient Egyptian leather objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The analytical investigations focused on assessing the development of the technology of ancient tanners using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), X‐ray radiography and a scanning electron microscope connected to an energy‐dispersive X‐ray detector (SEM–EDX). Reference leather samples and archaeological leather objects were investigated to identify the animal skin species and the early use of hydrolyzable vegetable tannins for leather tanning. Different methods were used to colour th leather, including madder dying and staining with hematite, or painting with Egyptian blue and Egyptian green.