山西翼城大河口M5010、M6043实验室考古简报

山西翼城大河口西周墓地M5010、M6043两座墓葬经过现场初步发掘,采取整体套箱形式,搬迁至山东大学室内考古发掘与文物保护实验室。在实验室环境可控前提下,对其进行了发掘清理、现场保护、信息采集、样品分析检测等实验室考古工作。两座墓葬出土遗存数量众多、结构复杂、材质丰富多样。除了对常规出土遗物进行规范清理和资料收集整理外,还采用适宜手段提取和保存了若干布纹、席纹、纺织品等脆弱遗迹,为进一步多学科综合研究提供了基础和保障。     

翼城大河口尚盂铭文试释

2009年5月起,山西省考古研究所对翼城大河口西周墓地进行发掘,收获甚丰,最近已屡见报道。其间《2010中国重要考古发现》所收《山西翼城大河口西周霸国墓地》一文[1],叙述简要,附带发表了不少图片,包括若干青铜器     

叶家山出土三足青铜器的地域特征分析

湖北随州叶家山遗址是一处西周早期的曾国墓地,出土了大批遗物,包括数量众多且铸造精美的青铜器。这批青铜器的总体特征与中原地区出土青铜器的风格相似,因此,多数学者认为,叶家山青铜器属典型西周文化性质,并无自身特征,不过,也有学者指出,那里仍有一些所谓的地域特征。本文对西周时期若干遗址出土的青铜器进行了实地观察和调研,并将其与叶家山出土青铜器进行比较研究。结果显示,叶家山出土三足青铜器中,桃圆形器口的器物为绝对主体。而其它地区西周遗址出土的青铜器中,仅山西翼城县大河口西周墓地与绛县横水西周墓地出土的青铜器中,有几件为桃圆形器口。基于此,叶家山出土的三足青铜器中,大多数器口为桃圆形,而这应属于地域特征。     

河北涞水张家洼遗址2021年度商周墓葬发掘简报

2021年中国社会科学院考古研究所等单位对河北涞水张家洼遗址进行考古发掘,发现商周时期墓地并发掘墓葬10座。墓地布局有序,墓葬方向相近,但被盗严重。经考古学研究与测年分析,其中8座墓葬属西周早期墓葬,墓主可能与西周早期进入华北平原北缘的周人相关;另外2座属晚商时期围坊三期文化墓葬,填补了围坊三期文化在潮白河以西墓葬遗存的空白。     

湖北随州叶家山西周墓地出土数字卦鼎及相关问题

正《考古》2012年第7期刊发了湖北随州市叶家山西周墓地的发掘资料~([1])。此前,相关的发掘简报及研究文章还在《文物》、《江汉考古》等刊物陆续发表~([2])。通过大规模的发掘和综合研究,可确认叶家山墓地是西周早期的曾侯家族墓地。这一新的重要考古发现,无疑对研究西周时期曾国的历史和地理等具有非常重大的学术意义。该墓地出土了大批带有铭文的青铜器。其中,M50随葬了两件带有特殊数字铭文的同铭方鼎,整理者命名为     

湖北随州叶家山西周墓地笔谈

2011年上半年,湖北省文物考古研究所与随州市博物馆对叶家山西周曾国墓地进行了考古发掘。目前已发掘墓葬63座、马坑1座,出土了铜器、陶器、原始瓷器、漆器、玉石器等各类文物700余件(套),其中铜器300余件(套)。更为重要的是,部分铜器铸有铭文。随州叶家山西周曾国墓地的发现,为研究西周及曾国历史提供了重要的实物资料,已引起学术界的广泛关注。现在,此墓地的发掘简报已在本期刊布。我们特约请有关专家笔谈,对墓葬年代、墓地性质与文化属性、出土器物及相关问题进行初步研究。     

围绕考古新发现 研讨古史疑难题——'98河北邢台中国商周文明国际学术研讨会综述

近年来,河北省邢台地区的文物考古工作取得若干重要成果,如邢台葛庄先商文化遗址、两周邢国贵族墓地的发现与发掘以及邢台南小汪出土西周甲骨文等,均有重大科学意义,在学术界引起了广泛重视。为了推动邢台地区文物考古工作向纵深发展,充分利用考古新发现促进我国青铜...     

山西翼城大河口西周墓地一号墓发掘

正大河口墓地位于翼城县城以东约六千米处大河口村北的台地上(图一),2007年5月被盗时发现,同年9月由山西省考古研究所(今山西省考古研究院)、临汾市文物局和翼城县文物旅游局组成联合考古队开始对该墓地进行抢救性考古发掘,发掘工作断断续续进行到2016年12月,将整个墓地墓葬全部发掘完毕,共发掘西周墓葬二千二百余座(图版壹)。现将2007-2008年发掘的M1报道如下。     

山西翼城县大河口西周墓地

2007年以来,对山西翼城县大河口墓地进行了发掘,已清理00多座墓葬,均为长方形竖穴土坑墓,有棺椁,墓主多为仰身直肢。大中型墓以随葬青铜器为主,小墓以随葬陶器为主。这处墓地墓主的国族名为霸,霸伯是最高权力拥有者。大河口墓地的发掘对于研究西周分封制度、器用制度和族群融合等具有重要意义。     

再论商王朝的衰亡与铅

商代是中国青铜文明的繁盛阶段,青铜器在社会生活中广泛使用。考古出土商代青铜器含铅量很高,商代后期尤甚。综合安徽何郢青铜时代遗址人骨铅含量的分析、青铜器溶铅实验、殷墟墓葬出土青铜器铅含量的分析和山西绛县横北西周墓地人骨铅含量的分析等诸多学者新的研究成果,进而证明商代晚期贵族阶层应该存在严重的铅中毒,而铅中毒应为商王朝衰亡的重要原因之一。     

On the challenges and benefits of indoor archaeology: 15 years at the Archeodome (Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village,South Dakota)

Abstract

Field archaeology is normally associated with outdoor excavation and exposure to the natural environment. Archaeological excavations have adapted to a wide spectrum of these conditions, but the recent prominence of archaeological sites as tourist attractions and educational facilities has occasionally led to dramatically different environments for the archaeological recovery, interpretation, and preservation of evidence, including facilities that permit indoor excavation. This article explores 15 years of experience at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village in South Dakota. An “Archeodome” covering part of the site represents a non-traditional excavation and preservation environment that presents considerable benefits and challenges for archaeologists. The structure provides the basis for evaluating the nature of indoor excavation within its archaeological and educational context and provides a cautionary note for archaeologists, heritage groups, tourist boards, and others interested in the preservation of archaeological sites. Though this article focuses on the Mitchell site, the information reported has broad implications for sites where structures cover archaeological deposits.     

数字近景摄影测量在秦始皇陵百戏坑考古中的应用研究

既要保留遗迹在不同阶段的信息资料,又不影响发掘研究工作的继续进行,一直是考古工作者探索研究的问题。为配合秦始皇陵百戏俑坑的考古发掘工作,为后续考古研究和文物遗迹的保护提供必要的基础信息资料,针对大场景考古发掘现场,通过数字全站仪对文物挖掘现场布设的一定数量控制点进行观测获取其三维点位坐标。利用非量测数码相机获取现场多航带序列影像,通过数码相机检校、自动空中三角测量、影像特征提取与影像匹配、数字微分纠正等数字近景摄影测量方法,获取反映发掘现场文物分布情况的数字高程模型(DEM)和正射影像(DOM)数据。在生成的正射影像图上进行文物轮廓线条的提取,获得发掘现场文物的正射投影矢量图。实现文物位置、形状及分布的平面量测。实验证明:该方法不仅可大面积、快速获取文物挖掘现场文物分布的正射投影平面图,实现考古数字制图,而且能保证一定的精度。具有较高的推广应用价值。     

Preservation of fungi in archaeological charcoal

During the analysis of wood charcoal remains from archaeological sites, it is common to find different microorganisms and different forms of degradation present in the plant tissue. However, one may encounter difficulties when attempting to identify these microorganisms and determine when their attack occurred. This paper focuses on preservation aspects related to the microorganisms in wood and demonstrates the structural changes that take place in different types of decayed wood after it was converted into charcoal. The study seeks to determine whether the microbial attack found in archaeological woods took place before the burning of the wood or after. Burning experiments were conducted using wood that had been decayed by various types of fungi including white-rot, brown-rot, and soft-rot. The laboratory burnt wood samples showed decay patterns that were comparable to those observed in archaeological charcoal samples, indicating that signs of fungal infestation and features of decay can be preserved after burning with micromorphological details of mycelium and cell wall attack evident. This indication may provide important information related to the gathering of deadwood as fuelwood. In addition, examples of decayed wood preserved in archaeological charcoal assemblages are described. Their relationship to the archaeological context and environmental conditions may suggest different interpretative models concerning wood management strategies applied by past societies.     

江西樟树国字山墓地考古调查勘探简报

筑卫城遗址位于江西省樟树市大桥街道办事处彭泽村委会洪光塘自然村东南,为全国重点文物保护单位,地理坐标为北纬28°02′07″,东经115°36′14〃,海拔约55米。遗址处在赣北平原与赣中丘陵交接区域,位于大姑山北坡余脉土岗上、赣江东岸丘陵山地的西侧边缘地带。其南20公里为新干牛城遗址和大洋洲商墓,西南30公里为吴城遗址,周围还有新干战国粮仓遗址、丰城丽村古城遗址等(图一)。     

基于环境监测的三星堆遗址祭祀坑考古现场预防性保护

目前考古现场保护主要以应急保护技术与临时加固材料的研究和应用为主,而关于考古现场预防性保护少有报道。本次三星堆遗址祭祀坑发掘保护构建了由考古舱、考古舱环境调控系统、空气质量监测系统、土遗址监测系统、区域气象站、预防性保护措施、监测信息智能管理平台组成的预防性保护体系。发掘前,通过土遗址监测系统和区域气象站获取文物埋藏环境信息和区域气象信息,为考古舱内环境设置提供了依据。发掘过程中,采取舱内温湿度调控、保湿、空气杀菌净化、控制舱内人数与新风换气等预防性保护措施,达到控制考古舱温湿度、减少细菌和真菌总数、降低舱内CO_(2)浓度,减缓象牙等文物失水速度的目的,有效控制了出土文物开裂、酥粉、霉菌暴发等病害发生,为考古发掘与保护赢得了时间。三星堆祭祀坑考古现场预防性保护的创新探索与实践为以后重要遗址的现场保护指引了方向、提供了可借鉴经验。     

长沙铜官窑谭家坡遗迹馆内优势病害真菌的分子鉴定

针对长沙铜官窑谭家坡遗迹馆内大肆爆发的微生物病害,为确定造成考古遗迹污染的优势真菌类型,项目组开展了病害真菌的现状调查和快速检测鉴定工作。利用无菌手术刀收集考古遗迹表面典型病害微生物的菌体样品,通过提取样品基因组总DNA、真菌ITS区PCR扩增、构建克隆文库、序列测定和系统发生关系分析等技术完成了病害菌的分子生物学鉴定和类群组成特点分析。结果表明,遗迹馆内考古遗迹表面爆发的主要病害菌为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、白腐菌(Phlebia brevispora)、荷叶离褶伞(Lyophyllum decastes),它们分别隶属于丛赤壳科(Nectriaceae)、伏革菌科(Corticiaceae)、离褶伞科(Lyophyllaceae),均为营腐生真菌,与土壤中木质材料的降解密切相关。考古现场大量的根系残留为病害菌的大肆繁殖提供了重要的营养源,而高的温度和相对湿度是促进病害菌快速生长扩散的主要环境因素。建议人工清除病害菌和根系残留,并对遗迹馆进行适当的环境控制。     

薄荷醇作为临时固型材料在文物保护中的应用

文物承载着丰富的历史文化信息。在考古发掘时,对于丝绸、纸张、壁画、岩画等脆弱文物遗迹的提取是考古工作的重点。为完整提取脆弱遗迹保证重要考古资料不遗失,需要在考古挖掘现场对脆弱遗迹进行临时加固。薄荷醇作为新型考古发掘现场临时固型提取材料,已在考古工地上成功应用,也引起了国外考古学界同行的高度关注。本工作总结了薄荷醇的基本性能和使用方法,并介绍了其作为临时固型材料在保护修复中的应用情况。结果表明,以薄荷醇衍生物为主体,设计合成具有梯度熔点、梯度加固强度和梯度挥发时间的临时固型材料,可为考古现场提供多样化、多功能集成化、高效便捷的固型材料。     

SAMPLING ANCIENT TOWNS

Summary. Until comparatively recently the archaeological study of ancient towns had been largely conditioned by urban development or individual research interests. This is especially true of Mediterranean sites whose especial richness has generated most attention upon their monumental aspect. Such work provides us with only partial glimpses of urban landscapes which are by definition complex and dynamic. An increasing awareness of this in recent years has led to archaeologists explicitly adopting sampling based strategies when confronting ancient towns. This paper attempts to outline the sampling-based research design employed at a multi-period town site in southern Spain. The integrated use of topographical survey, systematic surface sherding and geophysics provided a valuable insight into the spatial patterning of surface and sub-surface archaeological features. This allowed a hypothesis about the ancient topography of the town to be proposed and for it to be successfully tested by open-area excavation.     

3D model of the Can Sadurní cave

Graphic and metric information about the site and its environment and about the different structures and artefacts located are indispensable for the optimal management of an archaeological excavation. A Geographic Information System (GIS) proves useful in managing and analysing information and data obtained from different sources. Two techniques of data capture, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and close range photogrammetry, are used to generate accurate and high-resolution 3D models of a cave, the silos and a combustion structure at the Can Sadurní site (Begues, NE Spain). This site is especially noteworthy on account of its complete stratigraphy of the Catalonian Holocene. The capture and processing of the photogrammetric and TLS data used to generate 3D models are discussed in detail. These models cannot be obtained by classic archaeological techniques since the record is made layer by layer, approximately one decimetre apart, with the result that the information between the layers is lost. Our findings highlight the potential of these techniques for obtaining accurate and photorealistic models that facilitate a complete analysis of the available information at an archaeological site.     

Under the Boards: Archaeological Site Formation Processes at the Commissariat Store, Brisbane

The study of archaeological site formation processes, although routinely undertaken for prehistoric sites, is only carried out in historical archaeology in a limited way. Understanding the processes which formed the archaeological record of a site is an important first step towards developing justifiable inferences about past behavior and past societies regardless of the age of the site. This paper identifies and examines the cultural and non-cultural processes that formed the archaeological record at the Commissariat Store, Brisbane. The history of the site, from its construction in 1829 as part of the Moreton Bay penal settlement to the present, is examined and the expected impacts and processes on the archaeological record are identified. Archaeological evidence from the salvage excavation of the site undertaken in 1978 and 1979 is analyzed to identify the cultural and non-cultural site formation processes. This study identifies the presence of cultural formation processes including discard, loss, abandonment and re-use from an examination of the historical and archaeological evidence. Non-cultural formation processes at work in the site include faunalturbation, floralturbation, flooding, and aquaturbation.