汉代叠铸法铸钱工艺研究

叠铸工艺在汉初的半两钱、王莽时期和东汉的钱币铸造中得到应用,成为东汉至母钱翻砂法铸钱出现之前的一种主要铸钱方法.对叠铸法铸钱的相关遗物进行了分类统计,其中发现最多的是金属制范盒,其次是在烘范窑内出土的叠铸范.采用X射线荧光光谱仪对9件汉代货泉叠铸金属制范盒进行了成分分析.分析结果表明,合金成分为以铜、锡、铅三元素为主.锡含量集中在4%～6%之间,锡的成分是有固定的配比,表明王莽时期货泉叠铸金属制范盒的制作应该是由中央政府统一管理;铅的含量在6%～12%区间内.这种铜、锡、铅的成分配比保证了金属制范盒具有一定的强度、硬度和耐磨性,并使文字和轮廓清晰.通过对叠铸法铸钱过程的模拟试验,探讨了叠铸法在西汉早期被用于铸钱后,却未能在西汉中晚期上林三官铸钱中得到发展的主要原因:叠铸法的生产效率不能与金属范铸造相比,叠铸法不能满足中央政权统一大批量、快速、低成本铸钱的需求.叠铸法铸钱能够保证所铸造钱币的质量,王莽时期对钱币质量的要求是叠铸法在王莽时期重新得到应用和发展的原因.与平板范竖式浇铸铸钱工艺中陶范铸钱相比,叠铸法具有很高的生产效率和较低的生产成本,是一种先进的生产技术.     

汉代铸造铸钱金属范之陶范的分析研究

汉代的铸钱遗址中出土了大量铸造铸钱金属范的阳文陶范,阳文陶范既反映出了铸造金属范时的铸型,又可看出所铸造的铸钱金属范的铸型.为揭示铸钱金属范的铸造工艺及变迁,本工作从铸造工艺角度对阳文陶范进行分析,通过对汉代阳文陶范出土概况的统计,了解了阳文陶范铸型的变迁.以西安相家巷和窝头寨铸钱遗址采集的阳文陶范为基础,对陶范的面层与背层进行了X射线荧光成分分析,在电子探针下对型腔面进行了形貌和成分分析.分析结果表明,阳文陶范分层制作的原因是为了将模上的钱币铭文和形状清晰地复印到陶范上,型腔面的检测不能表明是否使用了表面涂料.     

汉代平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱工艺的研究

平板范竖式浇铸工艺是我国早期铸钱的基本形式,根据材质的不同,可将平板范分为石范、陶范和金属范.由于与平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱相关遗物出土数量少,该方法不是汉代铸钱工艺中的主要方法,故目前还未对其开展系统的研究.本工作对平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱相关遗物进行了归类分析.表明该工艺不仅在西汉早期一直在使用着,到东汉时期,仍然被用于铸钱.通过模拟实验对汉代的平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱工艺进行了研究,其工艺过程为:铸造金属制范模,在模上翻制陶范,陶范经阴干焙烧后铸造钱币.金属制范模的制作,提高了陶范制作的效率,同时也保证了钱币在型腔尺寸和文字上的一致性.     

汉代铸钱夹砂陶背范的分析研究

与汉代铸钱相关的遗物中,铸钱夹砂陶背范出土数量最多,是由泥质面层与夹砂背层组成。为了揭示铸钱夹砂陶背范的制作工艺并探讨陶范多次使用的可能性及夹砂层的作用,对陕西西安窝头寨汉代铸钱遗址出土的铸钱夹砂陶背范进行分析研究。结果表明,泥质面层采用细泥料制作,其作用是保证所铸造的金属钱币具有优良的表面质量;夹砂背层是在制范泥料中掺杂了较多的肉眼可见的砂砾,其作用是提高陶范的机械性能,减小陶范受热后的变形,有利于它与金属范合范铸钱。铸钱夹砂陶背范的制作过程是:先制作夹砂层,然后在夹砂层上制作细泥层,在细泥层上印制钱币的背郭型腔,与金属范组成铸型铸造钱币。证实夹砂层可以重复使用,当泥质面层损坏后可以除掉表面的细泥层或直接在原型腔面上另加一层细泥重新制作背郭型腔,再次进行钱币的铸造,夹砂层可以一直使用到被损坏为止,从而极大地提高了铸钱效率。     

安庆市钱币学会向中国钱币博物馆无偿捐赠大批出水古钱

2006年3月13日,山东省钱币学会会员、淄博市钱币学会理事、钱币收藏家陈旭先生,向中国钱币博物馆无偿捐赠一批古代铸钱遗物。此批古代遗存系西汉武帝时期的郡国五铢钱叠铸实物,有郡国五铢叠钱树残枝一件、毛坯五铢钱约二十余枚,以及钱币加工后形成的废铜渣块六块等。这些出土品为研究西汉山东地区的郡国五铢铸造情况,以及叠范铸钱工艺的细节,提供了重要的实物例证;同时,丰富了我馆铸钱遗物的收藏。中国钱币博物馆向陈旭先生授予无偿捐赠“荣誉证书”,以志表彰!陈旭先生向中国钱币博物馆无偿捐赠一批古代铸钱遗物$中钱研     

中国钱币铸造工艺史上灿烂的一页——六朝叠铸式陶质钱范的演进与成效

叠铸式陶质钱范是在卧式散铸钱范的基础上发展起来的。现有资料表明 ,叠铸式陶质钱范最早出现在西汉早期 ,在汉半两盘形铜母范上可捕捉到早期叠铸陶范的信息。但叠铸范在西汉早期并不占主导地位 ,在新莽钱币铸造中叠铸范逐步得以普及 ,东汉五铢铸造中叠铸范已成为主流。 1 986年 1 2月在陕西耀县有汉五铢叠铸陶范出土① 。东汉以后 ,我国东南部自孙氏吴政权起 ,东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈相继更迭 ,国都均置建康 (今南京 ) ,由出土与发现的六朝钱范以及铸钱遗物显示 ,六朝凡官方铸钱大多采取叠铸工艺。六朝时期虽然政权数易 ,但是在对铸钱和制范…     

汉代铜范铸钱工艺及其模拟实验

在各类铸钱工艺中,铜范铸钱是一项有代表性的工艺,但长期以来,一直存有争议,未得到冶铸界主流学术圈的认同。我们通过模拟实验,验证铜范铸钱确实可行,并对有关工艺的发展作了探讨。1.引言铜范铸钱是一项重要的铸造工艺,它萌生于春秋战国时期,发展于西汉早期的半两钱时期,兴盛于西汉五铢钱时期。而自王莽之后,铸钱工艺转向以叠铸工艺为主,铜范铸钱工艺逐渐失去了其在小器物大批量生产领域中的重要地位。然而,长期以来,学术界尤其是冶铸界主流学术圈,对铜范能否铸钱一直存有疑问。主要原因在于,一方面,对古代铸钱工艺缺乏系统而深入的研究;另…     

西汉石范铸钱原因初探

长期以来人们对西汉钱币铸造的研究 ,多集中在陶范、铜范上。笔者在研究古代钱币铸造工艺过程中 ,发现汉代用石范铸钱是比较多见的 ,但主要集中在汉武帝元鼎四年(公元前 1 1 3年 )前这段时期。冶铸史界有人认为石范只是钱范的中间体而已 ,并不用于实际铸币。本文拟就发现的石范及相关问题试作探讨 ,不当之处 ,请有关专家指正。一、石范出土概况据查阅文献资料的结果 ,有明确出土地点的石范粗略统计为一百余件 (数量不明的一些残块未计算在内 ) ,均为阴文子范 ,多数范上有浇注使用痕迹 ;范的形制上 ,除少数几件圭首形外 ,其余皆为长方形 ;石…     

郑州地区汉代的民间铸钱工艺

西汉前期,由于长年战乱,人民亟待休养生息。因此,当时政府曾一度允许官商铸钱。于是便有许多官吏和商贾从事钱币铸造,到武帝时,就将铸钱权收归中央,由“上林三官”独铸,使货币质量得到提高,在民间取得了信任。西汉末新莽时期,王莽托古改制,民间盗铸之风大兴,社会经济造成大混乱,加速了王莽政权的灭亡。近年来,在郑州地区曾发现两处新莽时期“大泉五十”铸造遗址。现根据出土铸范试析如下,以求就教。     

成都凤凰山新莽墓出土钱币清理简报

本包括两大类钱币,西汉五铢和新莽钱币。西汉五铢类包括,西汉元狩五铢(郡国五铢),赤仄(侧)五铢,武帝三官五铢,昭帝和宣帝前期(元康二年以前,即公元前64年)的三官五铢,宣帝后期的三官五铢钱(元康二年、神爵年间钱),元帝至西汉末年的三官五铢钱;新莽钱币包括,大泉五十钱、大布黄千钱,货泉。并对西汉时期及新莽时期各朝铸行钱币的型制特征加以描述,以此钱币推断出该墓葬年代为王莽末年墓。     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

Comparison of analytical techniques for analysis of archaeological bronze

While many analyses of archaeological bronzes have been reported in the literature, in practice it is very difficult to compare them. To assess the present status of the chemical analysis of bronze two ancient objects—a flat axe (arsenic bronze) and a sickle (tin bronze)—were cut into pieces weighing about 2 g each and were distributed to 11 laboratories. The participants used the following methods for analysis: INAA, ED–XRF, PIXE, TRXRF, FAAS, ICP–AES, ICP–MS, SEM–EDS, LA–ICP–MS and PGAA. The samples were analysed in at least quadruplicate. Dixon's and Iglewicz and Hoaglin's tests were used to detect outliers. The majority of methods provided comparable results, especially for macroelements, independent of the technique and standards used. The number of determined elements depended on the method and, naturally, on the concentration level. Therefore an important recommendation that can be made is to supply, with each archaeometric investigation, data from the analysis of appropriate Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) used in the study.