基于流形学习与光谱解混的文物表面字迹增强——以云冈第38窟为例

文物表面的文字是了解历史的关键信息，对文物表面文字信息的探索成为文物保护的重要环节。结合流形学习与光谱解混，提出一种新的文物表面字迹增强方法。首先，利用基于流形学习的等距映射方法对预处理后的高光谱图像进行非线性降维，得到信息量最大的灰度图像；其次，分析文字与背景的光谱特征，通过多层非负矩阵分解方法得到字迹丰度图；然后，将二者进行加权平均得到字迹增强图像，再与合成真彩色影像进行HSV融合，得到字迹融合影像；最后，为更好地辨认文字，在字迹增强图像上裁剪文字并做形态学变换，得到字迹提取图。以云冈石窟第38窟的一景褪色文字高光谱图像为例进行了验证，结果表明，该方法能够有效地增强出文物表面的褪色文字，且较其他增强方法效果更好。     

高光谱成像技术在故宫书画文物保护中的应用

为探讨对故宫书画文物进行整体分析、保护的方法,本研究利用研发的高光谱成像系统,对故宫博物院的部分馆藏书画文物进行分析。分析发现,高光谱成像技术在文字信息增强、隐藏信息提取、底稿线提取、颜料分析等方面有独特的优势。将高光谱成像技术用于书画文物的保护,不仅能够深度了解文物病害程度,为绘画工艺研究提供帮助,更重要的是能够为书画文物的保护修复材料选择和修复效果评估提供参考,使保护修复更加全面和科学化,同时能缩短病害调查和科学分析的时间,加快保护修复工作的进度。     

高光谱成像技术在中国古代书画分析中的应用研究综述

中国古代书画，因其年代久远，递藏情况复杂，多数屡经裁切割补、修复重装，故而有很多历史信息或被叠摞或被遮蔽，导致今人不能以肉眼直接观察而获得，而纸绢接补，墨迹、颜料、印鉴的残损也为书画研究者带来诸多悬而未决的问题。近年来，高光谱技术作为一种非侵入式的光谱成像技术，已逐步应用于各类彩绘文物中，该技术可为中国古代书画研究和保护提供更丰富的信息。本工作以文献调研为基础，简要介绍了高光谱成像的原理及技术特点，对高光谱技术在中国古代书画研究的实践进行总结，梳理了国内外研究者利用高光谱技术在书画、档案及相关彩绘文物的增强显示、物质识别、虚拟修复方面的应用案例，以期为相关研究者提供参考借鉴。     

基于丰度反演及光谱变换的书画霉斑虚拟修复

古书画在保存过程中容易滋生霉斑病害，霉斑不仅影响书画的外观，还会对纸质文物造成不可逆转的永久性破坏。为了给霉斑清洗提供直观参考，提出基于丰度反演及光谱变换的书画霉斑提取与虚拟修复方法。选取与霉斑区域光谱曲线存在明显差异的450～600 nm之间244个波段作为特征波段，通过连续最大角凸锥端元提取与灰度分割，提取霉斑区域。再对高光谱影像进行主成分变换，选取包含信息量最大的前三主成分合成影像，利用Criminisi算法对霉斑区域进行修复，再将修复后的影像进行主成分逆变换，完成高光谱影像的虚拟修复。以中国近现代画家倪田的《捕鱼图》为例进行了研究，发现修复后的霉斑区域与画体融入性较好，边界自然平滑，均方根误差值普遍变小。研究结果可为书画霉斑清洗提供直观的修复依据，具有较强的实用性。     

多光谱摄影技术在印绘纺织品文物信息提取中的应用——以正德八年诰命为例

为了探讨多光谱摄影技术在纺织品文物信息无损提取中的实用性,利用多光谱成像系统和微型光谱仪对正德八年诰命中破损的纹理组织、模糊的墨书字迹进行识别。在对诰命的图像信息提取后发现,多光谱的红外光波段对纺织品文物上的墨书字迹具有较好的识别作用;在颜色复杂或肉眼无法识别细微纹理的情况下,结合提取对象的反射光谱,可以较好获取织物颜色和纹理信息,完善和补充纺织品文物的相关信息。多光谱摄影技术在纺织品文物信息无损分析方面具有较好的实用性。     

珂罗版印刷与传统书写墨迹的比较研究

珂罗版印刷是书画文物主要复制方法之一。由于该方法复制书画真迹印刷品仿真程度高,满足了广大书画爱好者研究和收藏的需要,同时给书画真伪识别带来一定的难度。本工作通过视频显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等多种检测手段对珂罗版印刷油墨和传统书写墨迹进行研究。结果表明,珂罗版印刷油墨与传统油烟墨和墨汁在形貌、成分方面均存在一定的差异,从而对可疑书画印刷品的鉴别提供了科学依据。     

简论古书画文物的保护管理与收藏利用

在博物馆藏品中,古书画文物的保管与利用极其重要。古书画文物储藏环境对古书画寿命的影响很大,主要因素是温、湿度改变,光照和有害气体的侵蚀。文博工作者应通过控制环境保护古代书画,进一步重视古书画文物的科学保养,合理利用馆藏书画开展陈列工作。     

一种古建墙壁受污文字图像的多特征引导Grab Cut分割方法

古建墙壁题记毛笔文字受霉变污染影响,字迹不清,不利于辨识,而传统算法对文字图像进行分割时未充分考虑污染和文字的特征信息,结果中往往存在误分割或缺损现象。本研究提出一种结合图像偏振信息的多特征引导Grab Cut分割算法,该方法首先对采集的0°、45°、90°、135°四个角度偏振图像进行斯托克斯解算,得到偏振度特征图;然后利用SLIC对可见光相机采集的题记图像进行超像素分割,并提取超像素的颜色特征距和纹理特征距;最后,用偏振度约束区域项,特征距引导边界项,进行Grab Cut分割,得到毛笔文字分割结果。实验结果表明,本算法与未考虑偏振和特征距信息的图割算法相比,分割效果得到较大改善。研究结果可为书法研究和文字拓本的数字化存储提供有力的科学支持,也为题记的实体去污修复过程提供充足的科学指引和实验环境。     

高光谱图像系统应用于模糊印章的提取研究

传统书画作品中存在有大量模糊不清的印章,对此类印章尚没有很好的手段进行提取和鉴别。为解决这一问题,本工作采用一种用高光谱图像系统采集书画中模糊印章的光谱-图像信息,采用最小噪声分离变换(MNF)处理光谱图像数据,提升了模糊印章的可辨识度。结果表明,采用该方法能够有效的将模糊印章的信息提取出来,有利于印章的鉴别和研究,为书画的文物价值和真伪鉴别的研究提供了科学有效的手段。     

基于曲率驱动的瓦当文字提取方法

瓦当上雕刻的篆体文字是极富研究意义的中华文化元素,为中华文字的研究提供了研究对象。本研究提出一种以曲率为基础,通过粗细两次分割实现瓦当三维文字分割的方法,解决了瓦当上雕刻文字的提取问题。首先通过计算模型表面曲率进行粗分割,并利用聚类修复方法进行细分割。由顶点曲率值衍生出的平面点集进行多平面拟合,实现瓦当表面文字的精确分割。最后应用平行细化子迭代方法进行骨架线提取,实现瓦当文字的提取。实验结果证明,文中方法可以有效地实现瓦当三维文字提取。     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

原真性与完整性:质疑、新知与启示

在世界遗产理论发展路程中,对遗产原真性及完整性的质疑和思考是推动理论不断丰富完善的一股重要动力。完整性适用于所有遗产地,整体保护政策正是对完整性这一命题的呼应和阐释。对遗产原真性的质疑主要表现在非物质文化遗产方面,特别是活态遗产,现在遗产界已经越来越认识到非物质遗产不能简单套用物质遗产的原真性,非物质文化遗产环境的原真性要素也可以表现为一种"演进中的原真性"。因质疑而思考,进而获得新知。这一途径启示我们,应以一种开放性的、持续完善的思维和态度来对待遗产事业。     

Garibaldi and Mazzini: thought and action

Abstract

The relationship between Mazzini and Garibaldi is described in its ideological roots and in its political developments, in order to show their different attitude towards the Italian unification. Although their first misunderstanding happened during the Roman Republic in 1849, Mazzini's influence is still strong in the organization and in the success of the liberation of Two Sicilies in 1860, particularly through Francesco Crispi. The final personal break was caused by the unlucky experience of the Mentana expedition (1867), when Garibaldi failed to free Rome. Fundamental ideas as democracy, republic, social justice, humanity and universal brotherhood have been however always common to them. The two protagonists of Risorgimento never intended accepting the role to which their fateful encounter prompted them – the one to provide the brawn and the other the brains for Italy's liberation. Just as Mazzini never renounced involving himself in the operational decisions of the movement, Garibaldi never gave up his own way of thinking and looking at things.     

Geography and psychoanalysis: Tensions and possibilities

I am concerned in this paper with the diversity of psychoanalysis, a feature of the discipline which we can connect with diasporas and the re-working of ideas in different locales. I try to demonstrate how experience and environment have contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. Key to the production of knowledge are the journeys of theorists, practitioners and ideas. Following Liz Bondi, I stress the importance of acknowledging the connection between experience, theory and practice in our own work. I suggest that geographers can follow those psychoanalysts who have moved from the clinic to broader political projects but that they should engage with recent critical research in psychoanalysis if a dialogue is to develop.     

千泉、白水城和恭御城考辨

根据汉籍史料和阿拉伯地理文献,区分了中外史料记述的不同,考辨了千泉、白水城和恭御城的方位。玄奘所言"千泉",当在今哈萨克斯坦的梅尔克;玄奘所言千泉与阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉,并非指称同一地方。玄奘所记白水城与阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城(Isfijab)不能相等同;玄奘所记"白水",似应"泉"字之讹,即为阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉(Abarjaj);而玄奘所记"恭御城"是阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城。     

Dictatorships and Revolutions in Portugal and Chile: Ethnography,Memory and Invisibilities

This article discusses the relation between ethnography and underexposure of memory. Displaying similar characteristics, the ethnographies we developed in Portugal and Chile dealt precisely with this thematic in different chronological periods. We are going to point out our fieldwork convergences, specifically in what concerns the data recollection process.     

解读《边城》和《苔丝》中的画面与音乐

《边城》和《德伯家的苔丝》(简称《苔丝》)分别是中英两国“乡土文学”的典型代表沈从文和哈代的主要代表作。两位作家将画面与音乐视为文字之外的语义载体,填补了文字所不能表达的空白,丰富了作品的主题意境。     

真品与高仿、粗仿青花瓷热释光及成分分析对比实验

为了防止有人以假乱真,扰乱古董市场的健康发展,为此通过三种青花瓷碎片(真品、高仿、粗仿)的热释光及微探针型X荧光分析对比,找出三者的不同。结果表明,热释光法可以直接给出真伪。从X荧光得到成分来对比此三种瓷片的异同结果,建议用瓷胎的多个主、微量元素一起来分析对比,才易于得到正确的结论。     

Engineers and engineering history: problems and perspectives

In past decades, the history of engineers and engineering has seen spectacular development. Despite this, major interrogations are still left unanswered. This article examines some of these pending questions, like the type of relation that exists between engineering knowledge and practice, or the complex articulation between continuities and discontinuities that characterizes engineering history. Finally, the article proposes to focus on engineering rationality as a possible way to address some of these issues. In order to do so, engineering rationality is not to be confused with some kind of generic and abstract logic. On the contrary, it must be historicized.