先秦遗址出土朱砂的化学鉴定和产地判断方法评述

朱砂作为颜料或墓底铺垫在黄河流域和长江流域的众多先秦考古遗址中都有发现,然而现代朱砂矿藏则主要集中分布在我国的西南地区。因此,先秦时代很可能存在某种形式的广域交换网络,促成了朱砂和其他物品的远距离传播。经过对国内外朱砂产地相关研究方法的评述,可知采用硫同位素和汞同位素相结合的方法对古人可能利用的汞矿的朱砂样本和考古遗址出土的朱砂样本进行采样分析,有望重建先秦朱砂交换网络。     

陕西关中监狱战国秦墓出土人骨的碳氮同位素分析

本文以陕西关中监狱秦墓出土的人骨为研究对象,通过测定其中的碳、氮同位素比值,来阐释该地区古代先民的饮食结构,探索其生活生产方式、经济模式等历史信息。所取的人骨样品均可用于食谱分析;所有样品的δ~(13)C值分布在-7.58‰～10.11‰的范围内,δ~(15)N值均分布在9.43‰～11.36‰之间。结合其他考古资料及文献,显示关中监狱地区先民的食物结构中主食为黍、粟等C4类植物,并包含一定量的肉食。男性和女性之间食性没有明显差异。与同一地区时代略有差异的宝鸡建河墓地、凤翔孙家南头秦墓相比较,C4植物比例与δ~(15)N发生变化可能与当时历史变迁与社会发展有一定的联系。     

洛阳北窑西周墓出土青铜器科技分析研究

本文对洛阳北窑西周墓地出土青铜器进行科技分析。结果表明,北窑墓地出土西周铜器的锡料用量与殷墟二期铜器相当,其锡料来源充足,暗示西周早期,周贵族能够控制和使用稳定的锡料矿源;铅同位素比值基本上都属于普通铅的范畴,其与部分殷墟青铜器铅同位素比值重叠在一起,表明北窑墓地铜器与部分殷墟铜器的制作使用了相同矿料,说明商代晚期殷人开发利用的部分矿料到了西周早期开始大规模开采使用。研究还表明,西周时期金属矿料流通是普遍的、常态化的社会行为,是当时社会生产中最重要的物流实体。     

江苏盱眙东阳军庄汉墓群出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

黄淮地区是传统粟稻混作区,西汉时麦作推广进入关键时期,但小麦在这一过程中对黄淮地区原有粟稻混作格局的影响并不明确。对江苏省盱眙县东阳军庄汉墓群出土人骨的稳定同位素分析结果显示,9例人骨骨胶原δ13C值的范围为-20.0‰~-18.4‰,均值-19.4±0.6‰(n=9),表明西汉时期盱眙先民主要以稻、麦等C3类植物为食,已经不再将粟作为主要粮食,结合该地区西汉以前的农业格局,可推测西汉时期苏北淮河流域已经开始由传统的稻粟混作模式向稻麦混作模式转变。将本文数据与我国同时期其他遗址的稳定同位素数据比较后发现,在原有稻粟混作区内,粟在先民饮食结构中的地位呈自西向东下降的趋势,反映了小麦种植在不同区域的不平衡发展,关中地区小麦的推广普及明显晚于东部近海地区。     

内蒙古察右中旗七郎山墓地人骨的稳定同位素分析

七郎山墓地位于内蒙古乌兰察布市察右中旗五号乡东四号村东约1.5公里处,墓地东南距旗政府所在地科布尔镇约36公里.墓地坐落在七郎山山前的缓坡地带,东倚主峰,西邻峰前平原.1995年-1996年,内蒙古自治区文物考古研究所,乌兰察布博物馆和察右中旗文物管理所联合对该墓地进行了50余天的考古发掘,共发掘墓葬20座,其中土坑侧穴墓18座,土洞墓2座,共出土随葬品45件(套).根据七郎山墓地墓葬形制上的特殊性及随葬品组合关系,发掘者认为,该墓地处于主导地位的文化因素是来自于扎赉诺尔一类的早期拓跋鲜卑遗存,甚或可以进一步认为,七郎山墓地是拓跋鲜卑遗存:最后根据器物特征将其年代定在“定都平城”前后,即公元4世纪末-5世纪初①.该墓地的发掘对于综合考察内蒙古中部地区的鲜卑文化及其形成机制,以及与周邻地区其他部族的文化交流与融合都具有非常重要的意义.     

四川大邑县高山古城遗址宝墩文化先民牙本质序列的碳氮稳定同位素分析

通过对成都平原新石器时代晚期(约4500BP)高山古城遗址出土人骨和牙齿进行稳定同位素分析,重建个体层面上先民的生活史,以及断奶行为、生活方式等重要信息。人骨同位素数据(δ13C:-19.6‰^-18.0‰)表明,该人群主要以C3类食物为食,这应当与当时较为发达的稻作农业相关。然而,该群体的个体牙本质序列的同位素数据(δ13C:-19.6‰^-15.0‰)较骨骼更高,显然这是因为C4类食物(粟黍作物)在其先民断奶过程和童年早期起到了重要作用。此外,个体牙本质序列氮稳定同位素比值的变化趋势,显示总体上先民的断奶行为在2.5~4岁之间完成。这一研究成果,为探讨稻粟混作区的粟作农业在先民生活方式中的重要地位以及其向南方传播和扩散的进程提供了新的研究视角。     

霞浦屏风山遗址1件未知属性猪骨的碳和氮稳定同位素分析

霞浦屏风山贝丘遗址出土了1件未知属性猪骨样本,拟通过骨样的C、N稳定同位素分析,揭示此猪个体生前的食物结构特征,通过与已发表有关数据进行对比来推断该猪的属性。为此,对该骨样进行了骨胶原提取和碳氮稳定同位素比值测定。测得该猪骨样本骨胶原的δ~(13)C值为-12.2‰,δ~(15)N值为4.9‰。碳同位素比值显示该猪的食物结构中既包含C_3类植物,也包含C_4类植物,但更偏向于C_4类植物。而氮同位素比值则表明此猪个体营养级较低,摄入肉食较少,但仍高于对照组野猪及部分陆地野生哺乳动物的营养级。综合分析,研究认为该猪的食物结构在一定程度上依赖于人类的供应,应该是驯养的家猪。同时,该猪食物结构中的碳四植物来源提示该遗址可能存在粟作农业。     

先商文化时期人和动物骨胶原的H同位素研究

多学科研究已经为先商文化时期人群的迁移提供了重要线索,并发现了刘庄和南城墓地部分人群迁移的直接证据。目前,骨胶原中的H稳定同位素分析日益成为探索先民渊源及迁移的重要新生点。以刘庄墓地人骨和鄣邓遗址动物骨骼中的H稳定同位素进行相关分析,以期深入了解先民和动物的迁移活动,动物的饲喂方式及与先民的关系等。结果显示,杂食类的人、猪和狗的δD值比食草动物牛、羊的相应值高。同时,他们的δ¹⁵N值和δD值存在正相关性。尽管不同性别、年龄段和葬式先民的δD值在统计学上没有明显差异。然而,木棺葬个体的δD值明显高于土坑竖穴葬个体、石棺及简化石棺葬个体的δD值,这可能与不同葬式个体潜在的迁移行为有关。为了发挥人和动物骨胶原的H同位素研究在揭示先民的迁移行为方面的潜力,日后工作需要更多样品量和不同地区的背景信息。     

繁昌汤家山西周墓的再认识

繁昌汤家山西周墓是一座高等级的吴国墓葬。通过对长江下游西周至春秋时期吴国墓葬的等级规模和出土青铜器的比较研究,汤家山西周墓与丹徒烟墩山、荞麦山西周墓和北山顶、青龙山春秋墓属同一等级的墓葬,皆为吴王之墓;根据汤家山西周墓主身份和墓地位置推测,《左传》记载的"鸠兹"应为西周晚期的吴国都城。     

大同南郊北魏墓群人骨的稳定同位素分析

探索中原地区农耕文明对游牧民族的影响,对于揭示游牧民族的汉化过程、了解民族间的相互交流和融合具有非常重要的意义。本文对山西大同南郊北魏(拓跋鲜卑)墓群出土的人骨进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,旨在揭示其食物结构的基础上探讨农耕文化对其生活方式的影响。一至四期出土人骨的δ13C值为-9.12±0.85‰,表明其主要以C4类食物为主,而其δ15N值(9.56±0.76‰)甚高,显示先民曾摄取大量肉食,即拓跋鲜卑进入中原地区之后,似乎仍以畜牧业为主,而受中原地区农耕文明的影响甚小。至于δ13C和15N异常的四个样品,可能来自其他地区。结合考古资料和相关文献,不难发现,与慕容鲜卑相比,拓跋鲜卑的汉化之路更为艰难。     

On the Unseriousness of Human Affairs: Teaching,Writing, Playing,Believing, Lecturing,Philosophizing, Singing,Dancing

Abstract

Baker, Paula, ed. Money and Politics University Park: Penn State University Press 120 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-271-02246-9 Publication Date: October 2002

Swers, Michele L. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress Chicago: University of Chicago Press 200 pp., $45.00 cloth, $16.00 paper ISBN 0-226-78647-1 cloth ISBN 0-226-78649-8 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Brady, David W., and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress Stanford: Stanford University Press 549 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8047-4571-4 Publication Date: September 2002

Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited New York: Cambridge University Press 459 pp., $70.00 cloth, $25.00 paper ISBN 0-521-78351-8 cloth ISBN 0-521-78971-0 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Bonnicksen, Andrea L. Crafting a Cloning Policy: From Dolly to Stem Cells Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press 232 pp., $39.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-87840-370-1 cloth ISBN 0-87840-371-X paper Publication Date: August 2002

Nelson, Candice J., David A. Dulio, and Stephen K. Medvic, eds. Shades of Gray: Perspectives on Campaign Ethics Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 262 pp., $46.95 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-8157-0618-9 cloth ISBN 0-8157-0617-0 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Hendrickson, Ryan C. The Clinton Wars: The Constitution, Congress, and War Powers Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press 240 pp., $49.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-8265-1413-8 cloth ISBN 0-8265-1414-6 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Siplon, Patricia D. AIDS and the Policy Struggle in the United States Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press 176 pp., $39.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-87840-377-9 cloth ISBN 0-520-20254-6 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Stiehm, Judith Hicks The U.S. Army War College: Military Education in a Democracy Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press 272 pp., $69.50 cloth, $22.95 paper ISBN 1-56639-959-9 cloth ISBN 1-56639-960-2 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Tusmith, Bonnie, and Maureen T. Reddy, eds. Race in the College Classroom: Pedagogy and Politics New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 336 pp., $60.00 cloth, $22.00 paper ISBN 0-8135-3108-X cloth ISBN 0-8135-3109-8 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Miller-Adams, Michelle Owning Up: Poverty, Assets, and the American Dream Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 224 pp., $18.95, ISBN 0-8157-0619-7 Publication Date: July 2002

Rubin, Richard Confederacy of Silence: A True Tale of the New Old South New York: Atria Books 438 pp., $26.00 cloth, $15.00 paper ISBN 0-671-03666-1 cloth ISBN 0-671-03-667-X paper Publication Date: July 2002

Cooper, Phillip J. By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 301 pp., $39.95 cloth, $16.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-1179-7 cloth ISBN 0-7006-1180-0 paper Publication Date: June 2002

Weizer, Paul I. Sexual Harassment: Cases, Case Studies, and Commentary, Vol. 12 New York: Peter Lang Publishing 352 pp., $27.95, ISBN 0-8204-5261-0 Publication Date: June 2002

Adler, E. Scott Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Re-election and the House Committee System Chicago: University of Chicago Press 263 pp., $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper ISBN 0-226-00755-3 cloth ISBN 0-226-00756-1 paper Publication Date: May 2002

Hamburger, Philip Separation of Church and State Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 514 pp., $49.95, ISBN 0-674-00734-4 Publication Date: May 2002

Squires, Gregory D., ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press 364 pp., $32.50, ISBN 0-87766-709-8 Publication Date: April 2002

Robinson, Randall N. The Reckoning: What Blacks Owe to Each Other New York: E. P. Dutton 290 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-525-94625-X Publication Date: January 2002

Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 320 pp., $34.95, ISBN 0-7006-1171-1 Publication Date: May 2002

Cohen, Warren I. The Asian American Century Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 150 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-674-00765-4 Publication Date: March 2002

Lawson, Chappell H. Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of a Free Press in Mexico Berkeley: University of California Press 287 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-520-23171-6 Publication Date: August 2002

Camp, Roderic Ai Mexico's Mandarins: Crafting a Power Elite for the Twenty-First Century Berkeley: University of California Press 319 pp., $54.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-520-23343-3 cloth ISBN 0-520-23344-1 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Ivanov, Igor S. The New Russian Diplomacy: Ten Years of Moscow's Foreign Policy Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 203 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8157-4498-6 Publication Date: July 2002

Volkov, Vadim Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 224 pp., $17.95, ISBN 0-801-48778-1 Publication Date: September 2002

Whiteside, Kerry H. Divided Natures: French Contributions to Political Ecology Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 333 pp., $24.95 cloth, $16.95 paper ISBN 0-262-73147-9 cloth ISBN 0-262-73247-9 paper Publication Date: January 2002

Muel-Dreyfus, Francine Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to the Political Sociology of Gender Trans. Kathleen A. Johnson Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 388 pp., $21.95, ISBN 0-8223-2774-0 Publication Date: October 2001

Hahn, Jeffrey W., ed. Regional Russia in Transition: Studies from Yaroslavl' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press 258 pp., $45.00, ISBN 0-8018-6741-X Publication Date: June 2001

Terry, Fiona Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 282 pp., $19.55, ISBN 0-8014-8796-X Publication Date: August 2002

Mandelbaum, Michael The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the Twenty-First Century New York: Public Affairs 483 pp., $30.00, ISBN 1-58648-134-7 Publication Date: August 2002

Byman, Daniel L. Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press 280 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8018-6804-1 Publication Date: March 2002

Wattenberg, Martin P. Where Have All the Voters Gone? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 200 pp., $39.95 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-674-00937-1 cloth ISBN 0-674-00938-X paper Publication Date: November 2002

Jung, Hwa Yol, ed. Comparative Political Culture in the Age of Globalization: An Introductory Anthology Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 464 pp., $80.00 cloth, $26.95 paper ISBN 0-7391-0317-2 cloth ISBN 0-7391-0318-0 paper Publication Date: February 2002

Beissinger, Mark R., and Crawford Young, eds. Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 514 pp., $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 1-930365-07-1 cloth ISBN 1-930365-08-X paper Publication Date: May 2002

Ding, Yjiang Chinese Democracy after Tiananmen New York: Columbia University Press 173 pp., $75.00 cloth, $20.00 paper ISBN 0-774-80838-1 ISBN 0-231-12565-8 Publication Date: March 2002

Boonin, David A Defense of Abortion New York: Cambridge University Press 350 pp., $65.00 cloth, $23.00 paper ISBN 0-521-81701-3 cloth ISBN 0-521-52035-5 paper Publication Date: November 2002

Tuckness, Alex Locke and the Legislative Point of View: Toleration, Contested Principles, and the Law Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 206 pp., $49.50 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-691-09503-5 cloth ISBN 0-691-09504-3 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Edwards, Alistair, and Jules Townshend, eds. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx New York: Palgrave Macmillan 241 pp., $74.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-333-77241-5 cloth ISBN 0-333-77242-3 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Uslaner, Eric M. The Moral Foundations of Trust New York: Cambridge University Press 298 pp., $65.00 cloth, $23.00 paper ISBN 0-521-81213-5 cloth ISBN 0-521-01103-5 paper Publication Date: July 2002

Zuckert, Michael P. Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 392 pp., $40.00 cloth, $19.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-1173-8 cloth ISBN 0-7007-1174-6 paper Publication Date: June 2002

Tessitore, Aristide, ed. Aristotle and Modern Politics: The Persistence of Political Philosophy Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 438 pp., $32.95, ISBN 0-268-02014-0 Publication Date: April 2002

Freeberg, Ellen M. Regarding Equality: Rethinking Contemporary Theories of Citizenship, Freedom, and the Limits of Moral Pluralism Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 145 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-7391-0155-2 Publication Date: March 2002

Jamieson, Beth Kiyoko Real Choices: Feminism, Freedom, and the Limits of the Law University Park: Penn State University Press 259 pp., $35.00, ISBN 0-271-02136-5 Publication Date: December 2001     

Bossler,Beverly, Courtesans,Concubines, and the Cult of Female Fidelity

Employing a wealth of detailed evidence, the author of the book portrays an ambitious picture of gender relations in the roughly five centuries from late-Tang to late-Yuan. In order to make the incredibly complicated picture more organized, Bossier divides the book chronologically into three time periods, the Northern Song （with a little part touching on the late Tang）, the Southern Song, and the Yuan. Within each time period, Bossier analyzes three major categories of women---courtesans, concubines, and wives--in that sequence. Such arrangement is a clear sign of her argument： from Song to Yuan, writings on men＇s romantic relationship with courtesans gradually gave way to wives＇ fidelity and obligations, which was being applied more generally to all women, including courtesans, courtesan-concubines, and concubines. The application of wifely virtue to all women promoted the status of concubines within the family, as they were expected to behave and be treated like respectable wives. As a consequence, wives＇ authority declined, especially when sons produced by wives and concubines received equal treatment. Such a practice stressed the importance of paternal side while ignoring the maternal one, hence greatly intensified the patriline.     

辽宁铁岭市银州区辽海屯北山遗址

1993年6月,我们对辽海屯北山遗址进行了重点勘探与试掘,发现房址、窖穴、灰坑等遗迹14处,出土了一批具有特色的陶器和石器.陶器的种类有鬲、鼎、甑、甗、盆、罐、碗等,其年代约在西周时期.     

Liberty,Equality, Nobility: Kolnai,Tocqueville, and the Moral Foundations of Democracy

Abstract

Though few would attach the label of liberal to Dostoevsky as a thinker his life and work can be seen as motivated by a concern for human freedom. As an editor and author he advocated a course of action for his nation's intelligentsia that would transform the Russian autocracy into a liberal regime. This course of action was dictated by his insight into the necessary foundation for a liberal regime, a principle of self-abnegation that rested in turn on the conviction that human beings share in an immortal principle. This insight points to and gives content to the true goal of the liberal regime, the recognition and protection of human dignity.     

Treason,sodomy, and the fate of Adenolfo IV,count of Acerra

The article recounts the charges brought against Adenolfo IV, count of Acerra, a magnate of the Regno in the reigns of Charles I and Charles II, and his execution for sodomy in 1293. This is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, known cases of the death penalty being exacted for sodomy in Europe. Behind it lies a trial in which Adenolfo was convicted of treason but received a royal pardon five years later. The story casts light on relations between the rulers of the Regno and their overlords the popes, on the judicial methods employed in the Regno, and on the government of Charles II.     

Land,Stone, Trees,Identity, Ambition: the Building Blocks of Brochs

Brochs are impressive stone roundhouses unique to Iron Age Scotland. This paper introduces a new perspective developed from architectural analysis and drawing on new survey, fieldwork and analogies from anthropology and social history. The study of architectural design and constructional detail exposes fewer competitive elements than previously anticipated. Instead, attempts to emulate, share and communicate identities can be detected. The architectural language of the broch allows complex layers of individual preferences, local and regional traditions, and supra-regional communications to be expressed in a single house design. The proposed ‘productive households’ model moves beyond ideas of competing elites at times of stress, and invites a new debate by expanding a more complex broch concept beyond the Atlantic core.