Site Characterization by Geophysical Methods in The Archaeological Zone of Teotihuacan, Mexico

In the present investigation, a geophysical study was carried out in the eastern flank of the Pyramid of the Sun to define potential continuations in this direction of a tunnel discovered beneath the western main entrance of this building. This man-made structure is one of the many extraction tunnels hollowed by the ancient Teotihuacans to obtain construction materials to build their city. Total field and high-resolution vertical gradient magnetic surveys were carried out. The spectral analysis of the total magnetic field enabled us to estimate the thickness of the alluvial cover over the basaltic flow as 3·3 m. It was also found that the main contribution to the observed magnetic field comes from the pyroclastic flow that covers the area of study. The horizontal gradient filter was applied to the low-pass filtered magnetic field to enhance magnetic contacts and structural boundaries. Inferred magnetic trends were related to fracture patterns within the basalts and pyroclasts, and low gradients provided an evidence of voids or tunnels. The Euler deconvolution method was applied as an attempt to confirm the above results. Using a structural index S=0, we determined the boundaries of main magnetic contacts as well as the interface between the basaltic flow and Las Varillas tunnel. Euler depths were found to range between 3 to 6 m, which represent the mean thickness of the basaltic flow.Two parallel ground probing radar (GPR) profiles were surveyed in the NW-SE direction. One passes on top of the known location of a tunnel (Las Varillas) and a second one 10 m to the north, approximately. The tunnel's roof is well outlined at depths between 3·5 and 4 m. On the other hand, little evidences of other buried tunnels or extensions of the known one were found. The second profile depicts a more complex morphology for the pyroclastic sheet. Anomalies related to basaltic flow or eruptive centres are clearly observed. Both profiles depicted the sedimentary base at 3 m, on average. A resistivity profile was undertaken along the first GPR profile. A resistivity image was obtained, that showed the vertical and lateral distribution of the true resistivity. High resistivity values were associated with the tunnel location (Las Varillas). Its geometry could also be inferred, its top is found at about 4 m and extends 20 m in the profile direction to the west. Unfortunately, the depth to its base could not be estimated, since profile length was too short. The sediment-pyroclastic flow interface could also be delimited at a depth of 3 m.Finally, a vertical magnetic field profile taken along the same surveyed line (GPR and resistivity) was inverted applying a two-dimensional algorithm. The initial model was estimated from GPR and resistivity interpretations. A simple model of Las Varillas tunnel was computed, which reasonably well satisfied geological and geophysical considerations.