经验科学进步的一般模式与当今地理学的发展——试以人文地理学为例

笔者首先引入库恩的范式理论和科学进步模式,并用协同学理论对之改造,以此作为本文分析问题的理论框架。紧接着,尝试用该模式剖析地理学的发展历史,指出每阶段的大致时间区间、发展特点、重要的历史贡献和代表人物,并用自组织原理阐述科学危机和科学革命发生的机理,从而为第四部分分析当今地理学危机作理论铺垫。然后,以人文地理学为例总结地理学的科学范式,从而形成当今地理学发展总的图景。再之,本文指出当今地理学危机产生的原因有两个:地理学范式逻辑结构松散和信息革命的挑战。危机是革命的先导,继计量革命和行为革命之后,(人文)地理学领域将要发生战后的第三次较大的革命,(人文)地理学范式将得以重塑,(人文)地理学共同体的地理思维、地理行为将随之变化。最后,本文引申出在新的时代条件下地理学的两大发展任务和地理哲学领域的两大前沿课题,以供参考。

UNIVERSAL DEVELOPING MODEL OF SCIENCE AND PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY--Illustrated with Human Geography

This article is composed of five parts. Firstly,the author introduces Kuhn'S Theory of Paradigm and his Model of Scientific Progress that will be reworked with synergetics afterwards as the theoretic framework and base for analyzing scientific problems in geographical field. Secondly,the author attempts to analyze the history of Geography by offering the time,characteristics,important contributions and great geographers and so on. To prepare for analyzing the Geographical crisis in the forth part,this part lays stress on demonstrating the principles of scientific crisis and revolution with Synergetics. And then,the author sums up the paradigm of contemporary human geography,which consists of 9 items. In the forth part,after examining the history of Geography the author assumes that the latest geographical crisis is induced by two things,including:①the lacking of logical system in geography as the intrinsic factor;②the influence of the information revolution on geography as the extrinsic factor. The author thinks the crisis portends a scientific revolution in geography on hand,after which the geographical paradigm will be constructed,and then the thinking and behavior of the geographical community will transform. So,finally two tasks in geography are come foreword:reconstructing geography's logical system and meeting the challenge of the information revolution.