Effects of geomagnetic storms in the lower ionosphere,middle atmosphere and troposphere |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;2. Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;1. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), German Space Operations Center (GSOC), 82234 Weßling, Germany;2. Astronomisches Institut der Universität Bern (AIUB), Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;3. Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany;4. GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, No. 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China;5. Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France;6. European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Robert-Bosch-Straße 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany;7. Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Code 690.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA;8. Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG), Richard-Strauss-Allee 11, 60598 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;9. Ntrip Enterprise, Rotdornweg 98, 60433 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;10. Technische Universität München, Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, Germany;11. Canadian Geodetic Survey, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), 588 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;12. Bundesamt für Landestopografie swisstopo, Seftigenstrasse 264, 3084 Wabern, Switzerland;1. Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA;2. Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan;3. High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA;4. Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;5. Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA;6. ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA |
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| Abstract: | Geomagnetic storm effects at heights of about 0–100 km are briefly (not comprehensively) reviewed, with emphasis being paid to middle latitudes, particularly to Europe. Effects of galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, relativistic and highly relativistic electrons, and IMF sector boundary crossings are briefly mentioned as well. Geomagnetic storms disturb the lower ionosphere heavily at high latitudes and very significantly also at middle latitudes. The effect is almost simultaneous at high latitudes, while an after-effect dominates at middle latitudes. The lower thermosphere is disturbed significantly. In the mesosphere and stratosphere, the effects become weaker and eventually non-detectable. There is an effect in total ozone but only under special conditions. Surprisingly enough, correlations with geomagnetic storms seem to reappear in the troposphere, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric electricity is affected by geomagnetic storms, as well. We essentially understand the effects of geomagnetic storms in the lower ionosphere, but there is a lack of mechanisms to explain correlations found deeper in the atmosphere, particularly in the troposphere. There seem to be two different groups of effects with possibly different mechanisms—those observed in the lower ionosphere, lower thermosphere and mesosphere, and those observed in the troposphere. |
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