The Exploitation of Plant Resources by Neanderthals in Amud Cave (Israel): The Evidence from Phytolith Studies |
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| Institution: | 1. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB1 2ER, U.K.;2. Department of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A.;3. Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel;4. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel;1. Department of Anthropology, Harwell Hall, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA;2. School of Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;1. Department of Anthropology, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;2. Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;3. Department of Anthropology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA;4. IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;5. Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43002 Tarragona, Spain;6. UMR 7194 CNRS, HNHP, MNHN/UPVD/CERP de Tautavel, 66720 Tautavel, France;7. Institut de paléontologie humaine, 75013 Paris, France;1. Department of Plant Biology (Botany Area), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain;2. Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain;3. Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain;4. Área de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain;5. Servei d´Investigació Prehistòrica, Museu de Prehistòria, Diputació de València, Valencia, Spain;1. Israel Antiquities Authority, P.O. Box 586, Jerusalem 9100402, Israel;2. Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034 CNRS, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 8 Esplanade des Antilles, 33607 Pessac, France;3. Geochronology and Geology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002 Burgos, Spain;4. Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;1. Department of Biology, Stanford University, United States;2. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom;3. Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Israel;4. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel;5. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel;6. International affiliate, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, United States |
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| Abstract: | The depositional environments of Amud Cave indicate that phytolith assemblages retrieved from the cave's sediments are an integral part of the Middle Palaeolithic sequence. As such, they provide direct evidence for plant use. The Amud Neanderthals emphasized both wood and grass exploitation. Ligneous parts of trees and shrubs were used mainly for fuel. Herbaceous plants were used for bedding, possibly fuel, and for food. There is clear and repetitive evidence for the exploitation of mature grass panicles, inferred to have been collected for their seeds. These findings suggest that, as with the pattern recently discerned for faunal resources, a broad spectrum of plants has been exploited from at least the end of the Middle Palaeolithic. Phytolith analysis now provides a tool for testing models explaining subsistence and mobility patterns during the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic and for better understanding the role of vegetal resources in shaping these patterns. |
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