新中国收入分配制度的演变及绩效分析

新中国收入分配制度和政策的演变大致经历了两个时期:一是从1949年建国到1978年中共十一届三中全会前的29年,这个时期制度演变的趋势是生产资料的公有化和生活资料占有的平均化;二是1978年中共十一届三中全会至2006年中共十六届五中全会的28年,这个时期制度演变的趋势是生产资料所有制的多样化和生活资料占有的差距扩大。新中国收入分配变化的轨迹经历了一个由旧中国收入水平极低、分配极不平等通过革命手段达到过度平均,然后又由这种过度平均通过改革走向拉开收入差距的“否定之否定”过程。收入的平均程度主要受到中国共产党的经济和社会发展观念、战略、政策变化以及不同时期积累与消费关系变动的制约。

Evolution of the System of Income Distribution in New China and Analysis of Its Performance

The income distribution system and the policy evolution may be roughly divided into two stages from the founding of New China to the present. The first stage lasted 29 years from the birth of New China in 1949 to the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC in 1978 and marked the trend towards public ownership of means of production and equalized possession of means of livelihood. The second stage lasted for 28 years from the Third Plenary Session of the CPC Eleventh Central Committee in 1978 to the Fifth Plenary Session of the CPC Sixteenth Central Committee in 2006. In the latter stage the institution evolved towards the diverse forms of ownership of means of production and the widening of the gap in the possession of means of livelihood. An overview of the changes in income distribution shows that it has experienced a "negation-of-negation" process in which the situation of extremely low income and extremely unequal distribution was changed, through revolution, into excessive equalization of income distribution and then, through the reform, the excessive equalization was changed into a widening gap in income. We can see from the evolution that the equalitarian degree of distribution is determined by two sets of factors: one set of factors consist of the CPC's economic and social development conceptions, strategies and policies and the other set of factors are changes in the relationship between accumulation and consumption in different periods.