革命的形成:清季十年的转折(上)

清季十年间,朝廷正以前所未有的速度和广度推行全面改革,并无太多特别明显的暴戾苛政和"失道"作为,却爆发了革命,且能较为轻易地速成。对于从帝制到共和的"五千年之大变",应有更深层的梳理、分析和诠释。帝国主义的全面入侵,造成中国权势结构前所未有的巨变。中外竞争的新局面使朝野面临着政治方向、政治结构和政治伦理的根本变革。一个推行了数千年的小政府政治模式,被迫走向必须展现政府作为的"富强"新路;而制度的困境,则使新政带有自毁的意味。更因政治伦理的转换远不如条文制度那样可以速成,政治体制的转型便遇到进一步难以逆转的困境,终不得不让位于被认为更迅捷更有效的革命。

The Formation of the Revolution:The Transition of the Last Ten Years of the Qing Dynasty(Part One)

During its last ten years,the Qing court embarked on comprehensive reforms of unprecedented speed and extent,and took no obviously oppressive or "unjust" actions.Nevertheless,a revolution broke out in China and succeeded quickly and with little difficulty.We should have a deeper understanding,analysis and interpretation of the transition from monarchy to republic,the "greatest change in five thousand years." The cross-the-board incursion of imperialism led to an unprecedented upheaval in the Chinese power framework.The new paradigm of competition between China and foreign countries confronted the court and the people with the necessity of fundamental reforms of political orientation,political structure and political ethics.A political pattern of small government which had lasted for thousands of years was forced onto a new road where government action was brought to the fore in pursuit "prosperity and power," and the crisis the system faced made the New Policies seem self-destructive.Furthermore,because political ethics could not change as swiftly as political institutions,the political system’s transformation sunk into even deeper crisis.Finally,political transformation had to give way to revolution,which the Chinese people regarded more agile and more effective.