学区化外部性对城市空间的影响

本文分析了学区房和学区的不同意义，进而对学区的正负外部性进行了解析，认为学区、学校、个人、政府间复杂的博弈关系最终导致了城市中的社会空间分异和居住空间分异的加强。在梳理发达国家主要城市经验、对比北京市与剑桥市的学区发展基础上，指出当前的划区政策增强了学区的稀缺性，却没有增加公平性，从而助推房价的高涨。为了更好地促进教育均等化实现，政府应努力提高优质教育学校的数量；形成资本性收入在学校和市场间的合理流动与分配；废弃以学区为主实施优质学区管理的办法，实施学校分层化管理，从而促进教育公平性和对人力资源开发这一综合目标的实现。

THE EXTERNAL EFFECT OF JIAOYUFICATION UPON URBAN SPACE

Urban residential space and social space are deeply influenced by school catchments' complex externalities. This paper provides a definition of school catchment and school catchment houses. By resolving school catchments' externalities, we address that a complicated game relationship exists between school catchments, schools, individuals and government. With the implementation of nearby enrollment policy, government has distributed basic educational resources to citizens according to their residence. The demand for school catchment houses exceeds the supply. The price of school catchment houses has become higher and higher. As a consequence, school catchments and school catchment houses has generated positive and negative externalities. In the economic aspect, positive externalities reflect on individual level while negative externalities more are on the whole market. The externalities shape urban spaces undoubtedly. The substantial appreciation of prices makes only the rich can afford school catchment houses and high-quality educational resources. Indeed high-quality educational resources have been capitalized into school catchment houses price. On the basis of sorting out the experience of major cities in developed countries, this article points out that present zoning policy is making the scarcity of school catchments become increasingly intruding rather than fading, which push school catchment houses prices up. In terms of modern education's function, policies need to take both equity and differentiation into account.