论19、20世纪之交东欧犹太移民在美国的群体互助

从19世纪80年代持续到一战后初期,东欧犹太人为逃避俄国及其周边国家的反犹迫害浪潮而大批涌向美国。他们在老一辈美国犹太人的慷慨资助下渡过最初的困境后,就着手调动自己有限的资源创立帮助犹太新移民的慈善组织,并且按照乡镇或地区来源建立同乡会共渡生活难关。他们还将欧洲犹太社区中久已存在的无息贷款社移植到美国,无偿为有志创业者提供小额资金。这些互助组织有效地保障了整个东欧犹太移民群体在美国的生存和发展。

On the Mutual Aid of the Eastern European Jewish Immigrants' Groups in the United States at the Turn of to the Twentieth Century

From the 1880s to the early post World War I years, the Eastern European Jews emigrated massively to the United States, mainly for escaping from the pogrom spreading across Russia and other Eastern European countries during this era After getting through the initial difficult stage by the aid of the established American Jews, these poor Jewish immigrants pooled up their own limited resources to set up charity organizations to help the Jewish newcomers and formed the landsmanshaften by town or region origin to tide over life problems. They also transplanted the Free Loan Societies that had long existed in European Jewish Communities to the United States, which provided small amount of interest-free capital for the enterprising Jewish immigrants. These Mutual Aid organizations ensured the survival and progress of the whole Eastern European Jewish immigrants.