幸福地理学研究中的时空间尺度陷阱

尺度是地理学的核心概念，但是在近年兴起的关于幸福地理学研究中对尺度问题的讨论仍属空白。本文在借鉴此前地理学尺度研究成果的基础上，结合现有幸福感的理论和实证研究，分别从现实尺度、分析尺度和实践尺度出发，系统反思了幸福感研究中的尺度陷阱。首先，对区域幸福感水平的度量需要选择汇总尺度和方法，影响幸福感的地理因素本身和地理环境对幸福感的影响也有其特定尺度。第二，分析地理环境对幸福感的影响时，既要合理处理研究结论的尺度变异性和不同时空间尺度上研究结论的整合问题，也要防止出现真实尺度与分析尺度之间出现错位。第三，个人会通过家庭内部成员间取舍、社会比较等尺度重构和尺度政治方式提升幸福感，而政府在试图改善居民幸福感时也需要选择合理的空间干预尺度。幸福感研究必须跳出各类尺度陷阱，探究影响幸福感的地理要素的真实尺度及合理的分析尺度，并妥善解决个人和政府在提升幸福感时面临的尺度政治争端。

SPATIO-TEMPORAL SCALAR TRAPS IN GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

Scale is an important yet overlooked concept in geography. However, few studies have examined the scale problem in the emerging geographical studies of subjective well-being (SWB). Based on previous geographical research on the concept of scale and the scalar laws, in combination with the theoretical and empirical studies on SWB, this paper systematically reflects the scalar traps in research on SWB. The scalar traps are mainly manifested as the paradox of scale selection and mis-match among real, analytic and practical scales. First, the measurement of regional level of SWB needs to consider the methods of aggregation, and the intrinsic scales of the geographical factors affecting SWB and the invariable scale for effects of these geographical factors. Second, when analyzing the impacts of geographical environment on SWB, we should not only appropriately deal with the scalar variance of research findings and the integration of research conclusions at different spatial scales, but also avoid the mis-match between the real scale of forming SWB and the analytic scale of geographical factors that influence SWB. Third, individuals will improve their SWB through rescaling and scalar politics such as trade-offs among family members and tactic selection of social groups for comparison.