明代密疏书写格式考论

明代的密疏是朝臣上呈给皇帝的一种秘密章奏，是一种特殊的上行官书。和普通的题、奏本相比，它有诸多的不同。其中密疏书写格式的特殊，既是密疏与一般章奏最显的差别之处，其相对独特的书写格式的形成，也是明代密疏言事初步制度化的一个表现。明代密疏书写格式的发展，大致经历了两个阶段，即明代中前期时，密疏的书写格式依照一般的题、奏本格式，并无太大的差别；而到了明世宗嘉靖初年，始形成了影响后世的书写格式。明代密疏的书写格式大体上包括开首、叙事和结尾三个主要的部分，此外，密疏书写中的尊上与禁忌也与一般的章奏有较大的不同，这些正是明代密疏书写格式的独特之处。

A Review of the Composing Format of Secret Memorials to the Throne in the Ming Dynasty

Secret memorials to the throne were confidential documents submitted by Ming courtiers to the emperor. Compared with normal memorials to the throne, secret ones have quite some unique characters, and its special composing format is undoubtedly the most distinct one. Moreover, the form of this particular format also indicates that the use of secret memorials to the throne has already been initiatively institutionalized. Generally speaking, the composing format of secret memorial to the throne in the Ming Dynasty has undergone the following two different phases: At the early and medium term of the Ming Dynasty, the composing format had hardly any obvious difference from the common ones. While, at the early stage of emperor Jia-jing, the composing format, which imposed great influence on the later regimes, has finally been shaped. The composing format of secret memorials to the throne includes three major parts: opening, statement and closing. Furthermore, the secret memorial to the throne also has more taboos than the common ones. So to say, it is just because the above-mentioned characters that distinguished secret memorials to the throne from other kinds of documents.