黄河中下游地区史前二层台墓研究

黄河中下游地区40余处遗址的400多座二层台墓资料显示,生土二层台墓的数量在仰韶中晚期以前较熟土台墓多,龙山时代式微。该变化的背后是棺椁的逐渐成熟,生土台墓中小部分带有盖板或原始棺椁,同时熟土台并非判断墓葬带有棺椁的充要条件。通过生土台高度和墓葬深度的二元变量分析,墓葬开挖时预留生土台并未考虑稳固墓室,而应该与构建殓尸空间(或椁室)、进行一系列丧葬活动有关,在台面上放置随葬品的情况存在一定的时空差异。二层台墓的分布具有集中埋葬的倾向,采用二层台墓的群体并无明显的性别和死亡年龄指向,从仰韶中期以来,其所代表的社会群体占据着更为优越的社会财富。

Research on the Burials with Secondary Platforms in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River

Based on the burials with secondary platforms in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,we try to clarify the difference between raw-soil secondary platform and mellowsoil secondary platform,exploring the function of secondary platform in prehistoric burials and the social hierarchy which reflected.In the middle and late phases of Yangshao period,burials with raw soil secondary platforms outnumbered those with mellow soil secondary platforms,but the opposite happened in the Longshan period.Cover plates and primitive coffins were found in a small number of the former.According to the analysis of binary variables,the reservation of raw soil platform had no connection with the stability of the burial chamber,but it is possibly related to the construction of burial space and a series of funeral activities.Through functional investigation,we have notice the phenomenon of placing funerary objects on secondary platform in these burials,but it’s not universal.And there were certain spatial and temporal differences in the placement of burial goods.The burials showed the tendency of concentration,and the population buried in these tombs had no obvious differences in gender or age of death.From the middle period of Yangshao culture,owners of these burials occupied more superior social wealth.The trend to bury more and more elaborate and abundant funerary objects indicated that owners of these burials enjoyed a higher social status.