性别考古视角中的王因墓地分析

通过统计学分析、定量分析等方法的运用,以性别考古为研究视角,从墓葬结构、死亡年龄、随葬品、合葬墓及二次葬等方面揭示了王因墓地所反映的两性差异。王因墓地两性在墓葬结构、墓室面积、死亡年龄上并未有明显的差别,而在生产工具、装饰品、随葬猪骨、合葬墓及二次葬等方面差异明显。具体表现为:石锛、石铲、石斧等主要为男性所使用,纺轮、石球主要为女性所使用;女性以腕臂环饰为主,男性则以发饰为主;男性以随葬猪下颌骨为主,女性则多随葬猪肢骨;合葬墓中,随葬品多摆放在男性一侧;二次葬多发生于男性墓葬。王因墓地的社会性质推测为母系氏族社会,婚姻形态或处于偶婚制阶段。

Analysis on Wangyin Cemetery in the Perspective of Gender Archaeology

Wangyin cemetery is the most typical one in Dawenkou culture.A great quantity of burials and well-preserved human bones were uncovered there.From a perspective of gender archaeology,this paper uses statistical and quantitative methods to study the gender difference reflected by 548 adult single burials in Wangyin cemetery,on the basis of grave structure,age of death,funerary offering,joint burial and secondary burial.Generally speaking,there is no remarkable difference between male and female in grave structure and size,as well as death age.The graves are mainly vertical earthen shaft of a rectangular plan with no obvious differences in size,most of which face to the east.The dead were buried upright without coffin.The maximum death age is basically the same.The funerary offering of pottery were mainly gu-shaped cups and ding,with no obvious difference in quantity.Nevertheless,there are great differences in production tools,ornaments,buried pig bones,joint burials and secondary burials.In terms of production tools,the stone adzes,shovels and axes were mainly used by male,while spinning wheels and stone balls were mainly used by female.As for the ornaments,women were mainly decorated with bracelets and then accessories,while men were mainly decorated with hair ornaments,accessories also account for a large proportion.As for buried pig bones,men were mainly buried with mandibles,while women with limb bones.Funerary offerings were mostly placed on men’side in joint burials,and secondary burials mostly occurred in men’s tombs.On the basis of archeological materials in Wangyin cemetery,there was no obvious social differentiation,males and females shared equal status,probably in a matriarchal clan society.Based on the subsistence strategy,burial custom and house remains,they were probably in monogamy marriage stage.It is a beneficial attempt to study Wangyin cemetery in a perspective of gender archaeology,while there are still many deficiencies in this research.It is hoped that with the enrichment of burial materials and continuous innovation of research methods,more in-depth research on gender in this site can be conducted,further to promote the development of gender archaeology.