创新活动空间集聚及其影响机制研究评述与展望

创新的空间集聚现象是创新活动最重要的空间特征之一。传统的基于经济学的创新研究框架忽视了空间的重要性,20世纪90年代以来,随着创新地理学的兴起,对创新集聚的空间问题研究得到大力扩展和延伸。本文围绕创新活动在空间上是否集聚、在哪里集聚、如何集聚等问题,从集聚化、本地化和网络化三个方面对创新集聚的空间特征进行了梳理,并归纳总结出影响创新集聚的五种机制：知识溢出、服务共享、高技能劳动力匹配、不确定性和竞争,在此基础上讨论了当前研究存在的问题,并提出了深化创新集聚空间特征研究、完善创新活动与区域及城市间的互动理论、推动对创新网络的测度与演化研究、加强创新集聚的微观机制及模型化工作等建议。

THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF INNOVATION AND ITS MECHANISMS:A LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROSPECT

Focused on the questions such as whether innovation activities are spatial concentrated, where innovation agglomeration locates and how the innovation agglomeration forms, this article analyses the spatial characteristics of innovation activities from aggregation, localization, and networking. A lot of research proved that innovation activities have remarkably agglomerated in space distribution. Some scholars measured the concentration degree of innovation activity by the quantitative indexes. Innovation cluster is very sensitive to the space distance and has a strong dependence on proximity. At the same time, innovation cluster has the characteristics of localization. At the regional level, innovation activities have a strong local embeddedness which rely on the regional characteristic of the element such as culture, system, organization. Regional innovation system particularly emphasis on the role of "innovation environment". At the city level, some scholars have discussed the relationship between the innovation cluster and the city size, industrial structure, urban internal spatial structure. The close relationship between different innovation clusters make innovation activities have strong tendency to be networking in space. Currently, the use of social network analysis in research of innovation network to analyze the structure, performance and spatial characteristics of innovation network is becoming the concern of our scholars. After that, the mechanisms which impact spatial agglomeration of innovation are induced into five types:knowledge spillover, sharing services, skilled labour matching, uncertainty and competition. Then, we discussed the problems in current research. In the future, multi-scale spatial analysis on innovation spatial agglomeration should be put forward. We also should strengthen the work on modeling and empirical studies.