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Detecting the medieval cod trade: a new method and first results
Authors:James Barrett  Cluny Johnstone  Jennifer Harland  Wim Van Neer  Anton Ervynck  Daniel Makowiecki  Dirk Heinrich  Anne Karin Hufthammer  Inge Bødker Enghoff  Colin Amundsen  Jørgen Schou Christiansen  Andrew KG Jones  Alison Locker  Sheila Hamilton-Dyer  Leif Jonsson  Lembi Lõugas  Callum Roberts  Michael Richards
Institution:1. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK;2. Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King''s Manor, York, YO1 7EP, UK;3. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium;4. Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed, Flemish Heritage Institute, Koning Albert II laan 19 bus 5, 1210 Brussels, Belgium;5. Institute of Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Szosa Bydgoska St. 44/48, PL 87-100 Torun, Poland;6. Zoological Institute Haustierkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;g Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway;h Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;i Graduate Center, CUNY, Anthropology (Ph.D. program), 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA;j Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;k Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK;l York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York, YO1 7BX, UK;m L''Ensoleillee, 20 bld de Garavan, 06500 Menton, France;n 5 Suffolk Avenue, Shirley, Southampton, SO15 5EF, UK;o Gothenburg Museum of Natural History, Box 7283, SE 40235 Gothenburg, Sweden;p Institute of History, Rüütli 6, EE10130 Tallinn, Estonia;q Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK;r Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;s Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Abstract:This paper explores the potential of stable isotope analysis to identify the approximate region of catch of cod by analysing bones from medieval settlements in northern and western Europe. It measures the δ13C and δ15N values of cod bone collagen from medieval control samples collected from sites around Arctic Norway, the North Sea, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. These data were considered likely to differ by region due to, for example, variation in the length of the food chain, water temperature and salinity. We find that geographical structuring is indeed evident, making it possible to identify bones from cod caught in distant waters. These results provide a new methodology for studying the growth of long-range trade in dried cod and the related expansion of fishing effort—important aspects of the development of commercialisation in medieval Europe. As a first test of the method, we analyse three collections of cod bones tentatively interpreted as imported dried fish based on a priori zooarchaeological criteria. The results tentatively suggest that cod were being transported or traded over very long distances since the end of the first millennium AD.
Keywords:Fish trade  Cod  Middle Ages  Europe  Stable isotopes  Zooarchaeology  Provenance
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