Shifting stones and changing homes: using toolstone ratios to consider relative occupation span in the northwestern Great Basin |
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| Authors: | Geoffrey M Smith |
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| Institution: | 1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Resources and Environment Information Engineering, School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;2. School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;1. University of Oklahoma, Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey, Dale Hall Tower 521, Norman, OK 73019, USA;2. Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Veterinary Pathobiology Laboratory, 250 McElroy Hall Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;3. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources, 719 Hardin Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0987, USA;1. Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, 1930 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;2. Museum of Texas Tech University, Box 43191, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;3. Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;1. Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia;2. V.P. Astafiev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Lebedevoi 89, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia;3. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia |
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| Abstract: | Like Paleoindian populations elsewhere in North America, Pre-Archaic groups in the Great Basin are assumed to have been highly mobile and far ranging. This view is commonly based on analyses of lithic technology and source provenance studies. While these approaches have added to our knowledge of Pre-Archaic lifeways, they have rarely focused on occupation span – an aspect of hunter–gatherer behavior directly related to mobility. Here, I use the proportions of local and nonlocal toolstone in Pre-Archaic and later Archaic assemblages to consider occupation span with the assumption that assemblages should become increasingly dominated by local materials as occupation span increases. The results suggest that residential mobility was high and occupations short before 7500 radiocarbon years ago. Conversely, between 7500 and 1300 radiocarbon years ago, residential mobility decreased and many locations were occupied for extended periods. Occupation span once again decreased as residential mobility increased after 1300 radiocarbon years ago. These trends were likely influenced by changes in the environmental and demographic climate of the Holocene. |
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