Climate in the eastern Mediterranean,and adjacent regions,during the past 6000 years – A review |
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| Authors: | Martin Finné Karin Holmgren Hanna S Sundqvist Erika Weiberg Michael Lindblom |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Navarino Environmental Observatory (NEO), Messinia, Greece;3. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden;1. Laboratory of Geology for Aquatic Systems, Technological Educational Institute of Mesolonghi, Nea Ktiria, 30200 Mesolonghi, Greece;2. Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Patras, 26334 Patras, Greece;1. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d''Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Aix-en-Provence, France;2. Groupement de recherche en économie quantitative d’Aix-Marseille (GREQAM), Aix-Marseille Université, France;3. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France;4. Aix-Marseille Université, LabEx OT-Med, Aix-en-Provence, France;5. CAMS-EHESS, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales and Aix-Marseille Université, France;1. Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, IL, 61820, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, P.O. Box 25046, DFC, MS 980, Denver, CO, 80225, USA;3. Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland;4. Department of Microbiology and Ecology/ICBiBE, University of Valencia, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain;5. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Sicily, Italy;6. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium;7. SAF Dipartimento, Facoltà di Agraria, Viale delle Scienze Ed.4, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Sicily, Italy;1. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Department of Geology, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;2. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Historical Geology-Paleontology, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece;3. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Department of Physical and Environmental Geography, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;4. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Department of Geophysics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;1. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, France;2. Groupement de recherche en économie quantitative d’Aix-Marseille (GREQAM), Aix-Marseille Université, France;3. Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France;4. CAMS-EHESS, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales and Aix-Marseille Université, France;5. Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, MMSH, Centre Camille Julian, Aix-en-Provence, France;6. Université de Strasbourg / UMR 7044 - ArcHiMédE (Archéologie et Histoire ancienne: Méditerranée - Europe), Strasbourg, France;7. LabEx OT-Med, Aix-Marseille Université, France;8. International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (UNESCO), Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany;1. Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;2. Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 49a, 50674 Cologne, Germany;3. Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia |
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| Abstract: | The eastern Mediterranean, with its long archaeological and historical records, provides a unique opportunity to study human responses to climate variability. We review paleoclimate data and reconstructions from the region with a focus on the last 6000 years. We aim to provide an up-to-date source of information on climate variability and to outline present limitations and future opportunities. The review work is threefold: (1) literature review, (2) spatial and temporal analysis of proxy records, and (3) statistical estimation of uncertainties in present paleoclimate reconstructions (temperature, °C). On a regional scale the review reveals a wetter situation from 6000 to 5400 yrs BP (note: all ages in this paper are in calibrated years before present (i.e. before 1950), abbreviated yrs BP, unless otherwise stated). This is followed by a less wet period leading up to one of fully-developed aridity from c. 4600 yrs BP. There is a need for more high-resolution paleoclimate records, in order to (i) better understand regional patterns and trends versus local climate variability and to (ii) fill the gap of data from some regions, such as the Near East, Greece and Egypt. Further, we evaluate the regional occurrence of a proposed widespread climate event at 4200 yrs BP. This proposed climate anomaly has been used to explain profound changes in human societies at different locations in the region around this time. We suggest that although aridity was widespread around 4200 yrs BP in the eastern Mediterranean region, there is not enough evidence to support the notion of a climate event with rapidly drying conditions in this region. |
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