论家国一体问题

在中国和西方古代君主制社会中,都有"君主是民之父母的思想"发生、流传。但西欧的这种思想没有中国的强烈,因为西欧国家还有教会,教皇、神甫、牧师等独占了民之父母的称谓和地位,使得国王被称为民之父母的机会减少。中国君主力量强大,特别是宋代之后,明清王朝时期,逐渐形成了专制君主制,皇帝、官僚被称为民之父母的情况大为增加。但是从制度上说,中国古代是天命王权,是受天的委托而进行统治的,如果统治不好,就要被天抛弃。官僚制度的建立和发展,更对皇帝的权力起到制衡作用,政治上公、私是有区别的。所以,中国古代家国并非一体。君为民之父母一说,可以休矣。

On the Paternal-State System

In ancient monarchy societies,both in China and Western countries,had the idea of thinking the monarchs as parents.But this idea in Western Europe was not much stronger as it was in China,because there were also the Church,Pope,priests and pastors besides the monarchs occupying the exclusive title and status of the parents,which reduced the Kings’opportunity to be known as the parents of the people.Chinese monarchs were more powerful,especially after the Song Dynasty.During the Ming and Qing dynasties,the absolute monarchy gradually took shape,which increased the possibility of thinking the emperors and bureaucrats as people’s parents.But from the perspective of bureaucracy,the Kingship in ancient China was endowed by the Heaven,which would be abandoned if their ruling was not satisfactory.The establishment and development of the bureaucratic system checked and balanced the emperor’s power.In politics,the public and private arenas were different.Therefore,family and state in ancient China were not the same one.The idea that Monarchs were people’s parents was not based on facts.