States of difference: Refiguring ethnicity and its ‘crisis’ at India's borders |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden;2. Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;3. Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Project, Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromsø, Norway;4. Association of Polar Early Career Scientists, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;5. Centre for Polar Studies and the Polish Polar Consortium, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;6. International Arctic Science Committee Secretariat, 14473 Potsdam, Germany;7. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Scott Polar Research Institute, CB2 1ER Cambridge, United Kingdom;8. International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA;1. Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain;2. Unidad de Tumores Intraoculares del Adulto, Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain;3. Unidad de Tumores Intraoculares del Adulto, Unidad de investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain;4. Unidad de Tumores Intraoculares del Adulto, Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain;1. Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Number 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;2. Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan;1. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;2. Liu Institute for Global Issues, Vancouver, BC, Canada;3. College of Indigenous Studies, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan;4. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;5. Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada;6. BC Injury Research & Prevention Unit, Vancouver, BC, Canada;7. BC Children׳s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | This article critically rethinks the possibilities and paradoxes of identity at the interstices of South Asia. Through ethnographic and historical analyses, I chronicle the varying forms, (dis)contents, and failures of ethnic identity in the geo-politically sensitive region of Darjeeling, India. In this Himalayan corner of the nation-state, borders have proven simultaneously generative yet undermining of identity and its politics—at once amplifying communities' desires for national inclusion, while rendering them largely unable to meet the Indian state's criteria for national recognition. As is the case along India's other borders, anxieties over national belonging have subsequently spawned violent subnationalist agitations in Darjeeling, as well as more legal quests for right, recognition, and autonomy. But to little avail. A perennial ‘identity crisis’ thus haunts (and charges) the people and politics of this Himalayan borderland. Refiguring the crisis at hand, this paper asks how certain forms of human difference become viable identities in India, while others do not. Doing so, I locate the crisis not within the realm of identity, but rather its rightful recognition. The paper accordingly develops ‘states of difference’ as an analytic for understanding the accentuated, paradoxical interplays of identity, state, and difference at the borders of South Asia and beyond. |
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