都市圈发展的新背景、新趋势及其规划响应

随着经济全球化的深入发展,城市之间的竞争日益加剧,城市发展越来越呈现出区域化特征,大都市成为了世界城市和城市化发展的主流。在这样的新背景之下,都市圈发展呈现出一些新的趋势,中心性进一步强化并出现多中心的新形式,空间扩散广域化并日趋连绵成片,区域进一步融合并且跨界发展明显。世界各主要都市圈的规划纷纷对这些新形势做出了响应,即以全球性、整体性的视角来审视都市圈发展所面临的问题,致力于形成多中心的空间结构,促进产业扩散与转移,对交通进行网络化整合,并建立类似都市圈政府的机构对都市圈规划进行管理。这些良好的经验可以作为我国都市圈理论研究和规划实践的有益借鉴。

NEW BACKGROUNDS AND NEW TRENDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN AREAS AND THEIR RESPONSES IN PLANNING

With one or several central cities as its cire, metropolitan area is a spatial agglomeration of cities and towns, attracting the peripheral cities and regions through developed transportation relations. With the rapid suburbanization since twentieth century, the metropolitan areas have grown up in succession all over the world. Since 1920s, each of the great metropolitan areas has carried through the planning successively. Most of these metropolitan area plans were effective. They not only ensured the benign development of metropolitan areas but also greatly promoted the national and regional development. However, by the time of late twentieth century, with the development of the economic globalization, the great changes have taken place in the development backgrounds of metropolitan areas. In the recent years, the competition between cities becomes drastic increasingly, the development of cities shows more and more regional characters and the metropolis becomes the mainstream of the development of cities and urbanization all over the world. Under these new backgrounds, the development of metropolitan areas appears, intensifies and emerges a new form; the spatial diffusion becomes more fargoing and the built areas trend to be continuous; and the urban region tends to be amalgamative and develops obviously across the borderlines. In order to respond these new situations to achieve better and more rapid development, many great metropolitan areas in the world such as New York, Paris, London, Tokyo, Berlin and the like have adjusted their conceptions, objectives, and emphases in planning one after another, adopted positive measures to promote the spatial, industrial, and infrastructural development of metropolitan areas, and improved the governance for the metropolitan areas. The planners take the city and region as a whole and survey the problems of metropolitan areas in the global development circumstance through the process of planning. The main contents of planning always apply themselves to form the polycentric spatial structure of metropolitan area, promote the diffusion and transfer of industries in the metropolitan area, integrate the transportation system of metropolitan area to be netlike, and establish a institution such as metropolitan government to manage the preparation and implementation of planning of metropolitan area, etc. Compared with the past planning of metropolitan areas, these new planning have several aspects of the advantages as follows: the eyeshot of planning is more widen, the ideas and contents of planning are more suitable to the occasion, and the effect of planning implementation is better. Thus the new metropolitan planning effectively defuses the contradictions in development faced by the cities and regions in the new era. These good experiences should be introduced to metropolitan areas of China, in order to upgrade the planning and construction level in domestic metropolitan areas.