苏丹1884-1898年粮食战争及其影响探析

1884-1898年,苏丹萨瓦金和埃及边疆省的英埃当局利用自身优势持续地引发粮食短缺,试图"饿死马赫迪叛乱"并重新征服苏丹。马赫迪国家采取各种手段积极因应,对外通过走私、袭扰、战争等手段突破封锁,对内通过控制土地和粮食资源分配统驭民众和军队,但整体上处于劣势。从实际效果看,英埃当局在北方尼罗河流域被动的粮食战争有效地遏制了马赫迪军队的进攻,在东部红海山区积极发动的粮食战争却因为当地盟友和英国海军的不配合半途而废。马赫迪国家的覆灭和英埃当局(1898-1956)的建立一定程度上都是粮食危机的发展结果,萨纳特西塔饥荒是19世纪80年代粮食战争的高潮,双方为此展开的冲突和斗争深刻影响了现代苏丹社会。

The Food War of Sudan from 1884 to 1898 and Its Influence

Between 1884 and 1898,the Anglo-Egyptian governments of Suakin and the Frontier Province had continually used their advantages to cause food shortages in order to reconquer Sudan through"Starving the Rebellion"strategy.The Mahdist State had taken various measures to handle the situation despite the overall disadvantage.On the one hand,it used smuggling,harassment,war and other means to break through the blockade restrictions;on the other hand,the Mahdist State controlled the people and the army by controlling the distribution of land and food resources.In terms of actual results,the passive"Starving the Rebellion"strategy of the Anglo-Egyptian government had effectively contained the offensive of the Mahdist army in the northern Nile River Basin,and its active attack in eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Hills was abandoned halfway due to the incoordination of the local allies and the British Navy.The destruction of the Mahdist State and the establishment of Anglo-Egyptian government(1898-1956)were partly the result of the development of the food crisis.The Sanat Sitta famine was the climax of the food war between the AngloEgyptian government and the Mahdist State in the 1880 s.The conflicts and struggles between the two sides had profoundly affected the development of Sudanese society.