大城市社会空间演化中的同质聚居与社区重构——对北京三个巨型社区的实证研究

本研究在两千余份问卷调查的基础上,对北京天通苑、回龙观、望京等三个近二十年发展起来的巨型社区进行了社区居民的构成特征、变化特征以及不同收入居民的迁移意愿及居民满意度的分析,描述了社区的演替趋势和重构过程。研究结果表明我国的新型社区在政策、市场的双重影响下,建设初期便具有一定的同质性,收入、职业的因素是造成初步同质的重要原因;在社区的演化发展的过程中,同质聚居和异质隔离现象进一步加剧,不同社区处于上升、下降及趋于稳定的同质化的三个阶段;适度的同质性有利于人际交往和邻里和谐,但过度同质容易造成社会资源占有的不平等。本文认为城市规划应在尊重这一规律的前提下,采用大混居、小聚居等方式实现空间资源的合理配置。

HOMOGENEITY OF HABITATION AND THE COMMUNITY RECONSTRUCTION IN URBAN SPATIAL EVOLVEMENT IN BIG CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF THREE MEGA-COMMUNITIES IN BEIJING

During the urban transformational stage of China, the communities restructuring is an important problem. Homogeneity of habitation in communities is one of the important phenomenon in the city development all over the world. Unit(Danwei) once played a very important role in Chinese society, but after the reform and opening up, the privatization and commercialization of housing allow people to choose their houses more freely. People with strong payment ability could afford better house in a market economy. This paper provides a case study of three mega-communities which are the typical cases during recent twenty years. The main findings are as follows:(1)Under the influence of both policy and market, the new communities show kind of the homogeneity of habitation at the beginning of construction.(2)With the development and evolution of the communities, the phenomenon of the homogeneity of habitation and the habitation polarization can be aggravated.(3)The community in an advantageous location with convenient traffic will be more attractive to the upper-income group and well-educated people.(4)On the contrary, residents with low income or less education, especially the low-income flowing population prefer the community with less rent.(5) The community with high level of homogeneity at the beginning such as Huilongguan is relatively stable.(6)The homogeneity with a moderate range is beneficial to the human communication and neighborhood harmony, but the excess would lead to the inequality of possession of social resources.