官治与自治之问：清末州县劝学所述评

内容提要 在清末的兴学热潮中，州县出现了一个新机构——劝学所。劝学所总董和劝学员由本地人担任，办学经费主要是自筹，职权上包揽地方一切办学事务，具有很强的自治特点。但是，由于当时地方自治并未成立，劝学所更多的是秉承提学使指令，并在地方官的监督下开展工作，所以只是一个半官治半自治的机构。随着劝学所的出现，州县社会中出现了一个劝学绅董群体，他们的权力直接来源于官府的札委，职责范围涉及官办学务和自治学务两个方面。虽然他们并没有被纳入正式官员的行列，但却具有正式权力，成为半官半绅、亦官亦绅的双面人物。劝学所的这一特点充分反映了清末地方机构改革中新旧交替的内在矛盾和基本特征。

Between Official Governance and Autonomy:A Review of District and County Departments for Encouraging Learning in the Late Qing Period

During the wave of expanding education in the late Qing period,a new institution called the Department for Encouraging Learning appeared in districts and counties.The directors and agents of Departments for Encouraging Learning were local people and operating funds for the schools were mainly self-raised.The Departments had a mandate covering all things related to the establishment of local schools,and were strongly autonomous.However,because district and county governments did not have autonomy at the time,Departments for Encouraging Learning usually took orders from Educational Intendants and worked under the supervision of Qing local officials.Therefore,the Departments were semi-official,semi-autonomous institutions.With the emergence of Departments for Encouraging Learning,networks of local gentry appeared expanding education in districts and counties.Their powers came directly from the Qing government and their duties covered both government-run schools and locally-established schools.Though they were not incorporated into the ranks of formal government officials,they had formal powers.They became dual figures,half official and half gentry.This characteristic of the Departments fully shows the inner contradictions and basic features of the transition from the old to the new in the process of local institutional reforms in the late Qing period.