从桐城桂林方氏家族看清朝前期满汉民族磨合

明清鼎革之际,与明朝依附至深的桐城桂林方氏族人,对清朝多持不合作的态度.方拱乾一支较早认同清朝,但历经顺治十四年科场案和康熙五十年<南山集>案的打击,两度沉沦.随着统治的巩固,雍乾时期统治者调整政策,方观承等族人自强不息,方氏家族得以重振家声.满族贵族与汉族望族从互相猜忌、斗争,逐步走向认同、合作,终至合作默契.方氏族人佐君辅国.惠政颇多.通过入仕,该家族得以保持家声不坠.入清后的方氏家族史,就是一部满汉磨合史.

The adaption of the Manchu nationality and the Han nationality in the early Qing Dynasty——a research from the experiences of the Guilin Fangshi elan of Tongcheng

During the time of change of the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty,the majority of clansmen of Tongcheng Fangshi,who had been attached to the Ming state,were uncooperative with the Qing Dynasty. Fang Gong-qian family,a branch of the clan,approved the Qing Dynasty earlier. After the case of Jiangnan Provincial Examination in the 14th year of Shunzhi and the case of Nanshan Collection in Kangxi,the family were perished twice. With the dominant consolidation,Emperor Yongzheng and Qianlong adjusted their policies,F...