对在华苏联专家问题的历史考察:基本状况及政策变化

向国外派遣大量专家和顾问 ,是冷战时代社会主义国家之间关系的一种特别现象。本文以大量中国地方档案和俄国解密档案及当事人回忆为依据 ,讨论了 2 0世纪 5 0年代在华苏联专家的基本状况。作者认为 ,1 0年之间约 2万名苏联专家来华 ,完全是中国巩固政权和发展经济的要求 ;中苏双方对短时间内大量专家来华都缺乏必要的准备和严格的管理 ;1 95 4— 1 95 6年是专家来华的高潮 ,受波兰事件影响 ,从 1 95 7年双方加强对专家来华的控制 ;1 95 7— 1 96 0年中国实行少而精的原则 ,特别要求增加国防新技术专家 ,但中苏关系恶化导致专家工作停顿。苏联派往中国的专家人数最多 ,时间最长 ,加强这一课题的研究 ,对探讨社会主义国家关系特点 ,分析中苏同盟破裂的原因 ,以及思考中国走向现代化的发展道路具有特别意义。

An Historical Investigation of Soviet Experts in China:Cirumstances and Policy Changes

The large\|scale assignment of experts and advisers abroad was a phenomenon special to socialist countries during the Cold War.This paper uses large numbers of Chinese archival documents,previously secret Soviet archives.and participants' memoirs to examine the circumstances of the Soviet experts sent to China in the 1950s.The author believes that the 20000 or so Soviet experts who came to China during that decade were needed to consolidate power and the develop the economy.But assigning so many experts over such a short time led to a lack of preparation and strict administration.The hightide of sending Soviet experts of China was 1954\_1956.Influenced by events in Poland,from 1957 both countries strengthened controls over experts.Between 1957\_1960 China followed a policy of `fewer but better,'demanding increased numbers of defense technology experts.But the deterioration of Sino\|Soviet relations led to a halt in sending experts.Further study of Soviet experts in China will help to understand the features of relations among the socialist countries,the causes of the break\|up of the Sino\|Soviet alliance,and China's road to modernization.