晚清商办与官办的斗争

晚清时期,围绕着近代民用企业实行商办,还是实行官办,进行了3个回合的斗争。第一回合,轮船招商局屡被弹劾,京中言官要求对其统制,乃至收归官办,被李鸿章顶住。第二回合,围绕着湖北铁政局的经营形式,张之洞与盛宣怀展开争论,结果张之洞动用官款创建,企业实行官办;然而,企业官办后经济效益太差,几年后不得不招商承办。第三回合,“轮电之争”,袁世凯将官督商办企业收归官办或对之实行统制,盛宣怀经过多年努力,终于使各官督商办企业摆脱“官督”,完全商办。经过数十年商办与官办的斗争,以及商办的不断胜利,迎来了民国初年中国民族资本主义的“黄金时代”。

The Debate Between Government Run and Private Run in Late Qing

In late Qing, there were three rounds of fierce dispute on the question of who should run the public facilities. Firstly, commercial shipping bureau was nearly cancelled but for Li Hongzhang's support. Secondly, Zhang Zhidong quarrelled with Sheng Xuanhuai and took the management of Hubei railway into the hand of government, but had to hand over to businessmen a few years later. In the third round Yuan Shikai's way of business run with government supervision was later changed into business run without government supervision. The struggle of few decades, with the gradual growth of national capitalism, paved way for the "golden age"of national capitalism in the early years of the Republic.