义和团运动时期山东督抚对教案认识态度的比较研究

义和团运动时期，山东三任督抚基于不同的社会和心理基础对教案产生了不甚相同的认识和态度。对于教案起因，三位督抚都认为基督教的扩张是教案的直接原因；同时，毓贤和袁世凯又认为部分官员的不作为是诱发教案的重要原因。最后，袁世凯明确指出了列强和基督教的相互依存关系。对于教案的处理，张汝梅曲意弥缝，以和为主；毓贤和袁世凯皆主张持平办案。他们对义和团的剿抚之策，也影响了山东教案的产生。

A Contrasting Research to Mass-versus-Church Cases among Shangdong Stadholders in the Period of the Boxer Movement

Shangdong was the province that the mass-versus-church cases occurred frequently in the period of the Boxer Movement.About mass-versus-church cases,the undersntanding and attitude was difference among three stadholders.In order to procure the concord between Qing government and aggresors,Zhang Rumei took the act of contravening of own willing.Yuxian and Yuan Shikai were all impartiality in attitude when they did handle a case,but the differences were existed in action:Yuxian mainly rectified the nepotism to...