良渚文化的社会政治特征探析

浙江余杭瑶山、反山贵族墓地的考古资料显示,两处墓地属于两个不同的统治阶级集团,集团内都是由男性担当社会管理和防卫职能,由女性担当社会宗教和纺织业职能,但两个集团职能的侧重不同,前者偏重于宗教祭祀,后者偏重于社会管理和政府财富。这两个社会控制集团联合执政或轮流执政,显示出良渚文化公共权力的传递与分割似与职能有关,符合民主国家权力集团组合的特征,成为良渚文化作为商业国家的社会政治的民主特征。良渚文化民主政治的社会中坚支撑是由拥有殷实财富和中等社会地位的中等集团所构成的"中产阶级",良渚社会统治集团内部成员也是由"中产阶级"晋升而来。

The Social Political Characteristics of the Liangzhu Culture

Archaeological materials from the Yaoshan site in Yuhang and the noble tombs at Fanshan, both are within Zhejiang province, indicate that the two cemeteries belonged to two ruling groups, both with males in charge of the society’s managing and defensive duties while females religious duties and textile weaving. However, the two groups had different functional focus with the former in religious and ritual affairs and the latter social management and governmental revenues. The ruling power alternated between the two groups, indicating that the transmission and dispersion of powers were likely to be functional, which is in line with democratic societies where political powers are dispersed among several veto groups and represents the democracy of Liangzhu Culture as a commercial society. The core of the democracy of Liangzhu Culture was the“middle class”, the group of people who fell socio-economically in the middle of a social hierarchy. The ruling groups were composed of members promoted from the“middle class”.