时代、文化资本与支配权:对张謇创办南通博物苑的再思考

面对19世纪末中国空前的民族危机和剧遽社会变迁,张謇选择了"实业救国"、"教育救国"的道路。南通博物苑作为张謇教育事业的重要组成部分,是其教育救国思想的具体体现。张謇在南通博物苑创办过程中实现了资本的文化化和文化的资本化双重过程:一方面,将经济资本转化为文化资本;另一方面,又将文化资本转化为其象征资本的一部分,使其获得更大社会权力,从而能够按照自己的政治理想对地方社会进行塑造。张謇对于作为文化资本的南通博物苑的支配主要体现在三个方面:藏品内容及知识系统的构建、博物馆教育作用的树立及对参观者的规范。张謇对文化资本的支配表面上是其个人意志的体现,由其政治理念所驱动;而深究,终不免受时代和机构属性等因素的制约与影响。

Times,Cultural Capital,and Right of Domination:Rethinking the Establishment of Nantong Museum by Zhang Jian

Facing China’s unprecedented national crisis and social changes in the late 19th century, Zhang Jian chose to save the nation by developing industries and education. Nantong Museum, which was an important part of Zhang Jian’s educational undertaking, was the embodiment of his thoughts of saving the na?tion by education. Zhang Jian made capital culturalized and culture capitalized in the process of Nantong Museum’s establishment:on the one hand, he transmuted the economic capital into cultural capital;on the other hand, he transmuted cultural capital into a part of symbolic capital, which offered him greater social power so that he could shape the local society according to his own political ideals. Zhang Jian ’s control over Nantong Museum as a sort of cultural capital was mainly reflected in three aspects:the building of col?lections and the knowledge system, the emphasis on the museum’s educational role, and the setting of norms for museum visitors. While Zhang Jian’s domination over cultural capital, the museum, seemed to have been driven by his personal political views reflecting his own wills, it was eventually shaped by the factors such as the times he lived in and the institutional attributes of the museum.