西周初期墓葬铜礼器器用区位研究--以随州叶家山为中心

随葬礼器在墓中的区位特征对于判断随葬品的性质与用途,探求墓葬器用观念等都具有重要意义。随州叶家山、宝鸡石鼓山墓地可分别作为西周初期诸侯国与王畿地区随葬青铜礼器组合的特点的代表。结合过去发现的同时期墓葬资料可以发现早在西周初期周人已建立起一套较完备的以食器为中心的器用组合关系。就其在墓葬中的区位而言,存在着(1)按大类分置;(2)食、酒水器分置;(3)酒水器聚置,食器分置于酒、水器两端等三种情形,前两种体现出周人重食的文化特征,后一种强调酒器似与周初西迁的殷遗民有关。

Pattern of Spatial Distribution of Ritual Bronzes in Tombs of the Early Western Zhou Period :With the Yejiashan Cemetery in Suizhou as Case Study

The pattern of spatial distribution of ritual bronzes in tombs is informative, which could enhance our understanding of the nature and function, as well as the ideas of use, of grave goods. The Yejiashan Cemetery in Suizhou City and the Shigushan Cemetery in Baoji City can serve as excellent examples for demonstrating such distribution pattern of ritual bronzes in tombs in the Zhou’s core area and in the vassal states, respectively. Taking into consideration the distribution of ritual bronzes in other Western Zhou tombs published elsewhere, it is proposed that by the Early Western Zhou period the combination and use of food-centered serving vessels had been well established in burial rituals. Regarding their spatial distribution in tombs, three patterning seems noticeable;that is, ritual bronzes were placed where the general categories of grave goods were found;food-serving and wine/water vessels were separated from one another;wine/water vessels were placed together, with food-serving vessels being placed on the two ends(one with wine vessel while the other with water vessel). The first two patterning place a strong emphasis on food, which is a key aspect of the Zhou’s culture;by contrast, drinking vessels are central to the last patterning, which may be an indication that the tomb occupants were closely related to the leftover subjects of the Shang Dynasty.