日本中世末期兵农分离的原因

始于日本中世末期的“兵农分离”是日本历史上重要的阶层演变。然而“兵农分离”并非是靠丰臣秀吉的一纸命令所完成的。在战国初期，“兵”与“农”就由于其政治、经济、社会等原因开始分离。政治上，大名成长及农民斗争的加剧导致了武士与农民的分化；经济上，由于农业新技术使用、生产力提高使得庄园制解体，从而导致在地中小领主丧失独立性，成为大名家臣；军事上，枪的传入改变了日本战争模式，足轻武士被大量使用，步兵集团战、规模战为职业军人的产生提出要求，武士从而脱离生产。因此“兵”与“农”分离持续了战国时代的一个世纪左右，最终丰臣秀吉及德川家康政权分别用命令与法律形式固定下来，近世武士才得以产生。

The Reasons of Warrior Farming Separation in Late-Medieval Japan

Warrior farming separation, began in the late-Medieval age, was an important class evolution in Japanese history. However,it was not complicated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi＇s order. It began in the early Warring States period for political,economy and social reasons. Because of the Daimio＇s expansion and the frequent peasant uprising, warrior class began to separate from farming. New renovated agriculture technology wakened the manor system, which made the warrior class more separated from farming. The introduction of guns changed the ways of war, rifleman soldiers became more important,massive battles and infantry groups made the warrior class more professional,so the warrior became an independent class from farming. The separation lasted for a century in Warring States Period. At last, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu finished the legal procedure with order and law. The modern warrior class came into being.