浙南海外移民群体的形成原因及其特征

浙南地区移民海外历史悠久,已有二百多年历史。在二十世纪50年代前海外移民群体的形成主要得益于青田叶腊石矿的开发和青田石雕工艺品在海外的销售,改革开放后新移民群体的形成则是由于国家放宽出国审批手续、移出地自然和经济条件的影响、历史渊源和亲朋彼此相携传统的影响和发达国家对劳动力的需求增加所致。与老一代移民相比,新移民具有受教育程度高、观念新、年轻,且大多有一定的经济基础,适应能力强。从事的行业也从餐饮业逐步扩大到皮革业、服装业、装潢业、百货业及进出口贸易、房地产等行业。对侨居国尤其是侨乡经济社会的快速发展产生了重要影响。

THE CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERSEAS MIGRATION GROUPS IN SOUTHERN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

It has a long history for over 200 years since businessmen of pagodite carving handicraft articles sold them to eastern Japanese firstly. The businessmen and settler overseas who engaged in trace were increasing, most of them were from Qingtian and contiguous Wencheng, Yongjia, Wenzhou, Ruian, Ouhai, Yueqing .The first climax of emigrant overseas formed in 1920'. The forming of first overseas migration groups chiefly benefited by the exploitation of pagodite deposit in Qingtian county and sale of pagodite carving handicraft articles produced in Qingtian to oversea markets. After reformatting and opening to the outside world, the forming of the new overseas migration groups was firstly due to reducing examine and approve process for migration. Secondly, it is due to the imparity of natural and economic conditions between emigration and settling in region. The long odds of economy and life level between western European and other developed countries' and mountain area' in the southern of Zhejiang was original motivation to emigrant. Thirdly, it is influenced by historic origin of migrating and tradition of help each other among relatives and friends. In the process of starting an undertaking, solidarity and help each other were needed. The first generation emigrant who worked hard for tens years or generations have had more accumulation of capital and occupied definite social position, and have created condition for their progeniture to emigrant. The most of new emigrant migrant oversea go and seek refuge with their relatives and friends, they help others to emigrant as soon as possessing definite economic base. Lastly, the increase of need for labor force in developed countries and their good anlage are also important factors of emigrant. The new generation emigrant, being younger, who accepted more education. They possess new ideas and better economical base and better adaptive capacity. So that they can make themselves stronger quickly. The vocations they work on are enlarged from restaurant and other service trades to leather, apparel, department, import and export trades, estate and so on. They have made a important contribution for society and economy to emigration and settling countries, especially, their native places. This paper briefly reviews the historical background and causes of the overseas groups forming; analyzes the characteristics and superiorities of the new migration overseas groups.