中国近代的外交与外交礼仪

19世纪70年代,清廷各级外交人员出国后,认知、认同、接受了西方国家的外交观念及其礼仪惯例,并开始了逐渐与其接轨的近代化进程,但同时也出现一些礼仪对接中的错位现象.出于外交的需要,清廷初步确定了清国的国旗、国歌.这一时期清廷外交理念及外交活动的变化是巨大而深刻的,功不可没.但中国在政治上付出的代价也是巨大的,惨重的,其教训也同样是不可忘记的.

The Diplomacy and Diplomatic Rite of Modern China

The different levels' diplomatic personnel of Qing royal government went abroad in the 1870s. Henceforth, they understood. ap- proved and accepted the diplomatic ideas and ritual conventions of the Western countries, and started a modernization course of gradually corresponding with it, but appeared some unadaptive phenomena of ritual association. The Qing royal government initially defined the national flag and national anthem of Qing Empire out of diplomatic need. The diplomatic ideas and diplomatic activities of Qing royal government had the great and profound changes in the period, and the achievements cant't be stifled, but China paid the great and disastrous price in politics, and the lesson also can't be forgotten.