清代中期直隶灾后跨省赈粮调度的定量重建与特征分析

本文基于历史文献资料,提取清代中期(1723-1850)直隶灾后朝廷组织的跨省赈粮调度相关记载,对逐年赈粮数量进行定量重建。结合同期水旱灾害强度,对其反映的政府救灾力度的总体变化趋势及时空分布特征进行分析,并进一步讨论其影响因素。结果显示,赈粮调度在雍正朝还并非常规赈灾措施,至乾隆朝成为常态,数量上达到顶峰,至嘉道时期则显著衰落;在空间上更偏重于直隶中部的近畿一带,南部则相对易被忽视。当其兴盛之时,在直隶灾后赈济中发挥的作用不可替代,其演变过程在一定程度上既是清王朝兴衰历程的缩影,亦受到各方面因素(如皇帝意志、灾害强度、区位条件、仓储状况、荒政效率等)的综合作用。从中总结的历史经验教训,也可作为当前防灾实践的参考。

Quantitative Reconstruction and Analysis of Inter-Provincial Relief Grain Distribution after Disasters in Zhili Province in the Mid-Qing Dynasty

Based on historical documents,the records of inter-provincial relief grain distribution organized by the Qing court after disasters in Zhili province in the mid-Qing Dynasty(1723-1850)this essay reconstructs the quantity of annual relief grain.Compared with the intensity of flood and drought disasters in the same period,the overall trend of governmental disaster relief intensity reflected by the time series and the spatial-temporal characteristics of relief grain distribution are analyzed.Furthermore,factors influencing distribution are discussed.The results show that relief grain distribution was not yet a regular relief measure in the Yongzheng Period.In the Qianlong Period,it was carried out on a regular basis and reached its peak.During Jiaqing and Daoguang Periods,it declined significantly.Most of relief grain distribution ocurred in the middle of Zhili Province which was relatively close to the capital,however,the south was often ignored.When relief efforts were thriving,grain distribution played an irreplaceable role in famine recovery in Zhili Province.Impacted by a series of factors,such as the emperor’s will,disaster intensity,local conditions,storage facilities,famine relief efficiency,to some extent the evolution process of relief efforts was also a miniature of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty.This historical experience and lessons can also be used as a reference for current disaster prevention practice.