清代道员职衔考述

道员,源自明代藩臬佐贰,各道设置之初,其独立性远不及后世,均各带参政、参议、副使、佥事等两司职衔守巡各地。入清后,仍沿其旧制,诸道职衔、品级各不相同。随着道制的完善,道员的地位、作用日趋固定,遂有乾隆十八年停直省守巡各道兼两司职衔之举,同时定其品秩为正四品。自此之后,道员不再是藩臬佐贰的统称,而成一独立职官名称。道员职衔经历了一个从各道坐定职衔,到以一定原则兼衔任缺,再到逐渐弱化兼衔意义,并最终去兼衔定品级的过程。

The Titles of the Circuit Intendants in the Qing Dynasty

Circuit intendants(Dao) originated from vice financial commissioners and provincial judges in the Ming dynasty.The circuit was not so independent in its early stage.The circuit intendants worked as inspectors in certain areas with concurrent titles like financial commissioners and the provincial judges.The Qing dynasty inherited the Dao institution from the Ming dynasty,and each Dao had its own titles and ranks.With the development of the Dao institution,its status and function were gradually fixed up.As a result,the Qing court set the rank of circuit intedants as 4 and removed their concurrent titles in 1753.Henceforth,Circuit intendants became an independent position from vice financial commissioners and provincial judges.