壁画的生物腐蚀与防护研究进展

近年来生物因素对壁画的腐蚀破坏作用受到了众多文物保护工作者的重视,针对壁画生物腐蚀的防护研究取得了可喜的成果。本文从可以造成壁画损害的生物因素出发,综述近年来壁画生物腐蚀研究的成果,分别从小型动物、昆虫、植物、微生物以及游客五个方面阐述对壁画的影响,并讨论了进行生物腐蚀防护的措施和研究方向:对小型动物,使用一些物理性的防护措施,应成为有害动物防护研究的重点;对昆虫,防治重点是减少昆虫的植物性食物,昆虫中存在的捕食关系也是限制昆虫种群数量的一个新的突破口;对微生物,一些具有抑菌效果的无机材料或许可成为生物杀菌剂的替代品;对植物,有害植物的清除技术的提高和有益植物的筛选和应用需要进一步研究;对游客,建立人工复制的壁画或者设立数字影像代替原有文物壁画供人们参观,是目前一条行之有效的措施。本综述成果可为以后的壁画保护工作提供理论指导。

A review on biodeterioration and protection of wall paintings

In recent years the study of biodeterioration of wall paintings has caught attention of numerous relics conservators. In addition, there has been great progress in methods for protecting such paintings. This paper first describes biological factors causing biodeterioration, then reviews recent achievements in research on the prevention of wall painting biodeterioration. Five factorssmall animals, insects, plants, microbes and human visitorsare considered, and their effects on the wall paintings are discussed. Protection methods and future research are also discussed. The key to prevent damage by small animals is keeping them out by physical methods; for insects, elimination of the plants that insects rely on is important, as is controlling the insects that feed on other insects; for microorganisms, certain inorganic materials that can prevent the growth of microorganisms can replace currently used biocides; for plants, how to get rid of harmful plants and make use of beneficial plants is the focus of future research; for visitors, the use of replicas or digital images is an effective measure. This research will provide important guidance for scientific conservation of wall paintings.