论张居正大力裁革冗官及其失败的原因

明朝中叶以后，由于官员数量渐增，国家财政开支加大，裁革冗官成为此后政治生活中不断议行的内容。张居正之前，已有多起裁革冗官之事，张居正担任首辅后，更大力推行裁革冗官的活动。这场裁革冗官活动共经过了四个阶段：万历八年为开始阶段；九年正月为高潮阶段；九年二月至九月为继续发展阶段；九年十月至十年六月为收尾阶段。所裁冗官推测当在一万员左右。张居正去世后，由于政局的变化，其所裁冗官陆续被恢复。张居正裁革冗官失败的原因有：活动本身有过火之处；在裁革冗官时对官吏的利益考虑太少。

The Reform of Reducing the Redundant Officials of Zhang Juzheng and the Causes of His Failure

With the increasing quantity of the government officials, the national public financial expenditure augmented as well since the middle Ming Dynasty, hence reducing the redundant officials became the continuously topic for discussion in the national political life. Before Zhang Juzheng became premier, some redundant officials had been reduced. Zhang Juzheng carried out his reform energetically after he assumed the position. The reform went through four stages : it started from the eighth year of Wanli and reached a climax in January next year. The third stage was from February to September of the ninth year of Wanli, the reform continued to develop during this period, and then it went to finish gradually from October to June of the tenth year. Nearly ten thousands officials are estimated to have been reduced. However, after Zhang Juzheng passed away, those abridged officials resumed their positions successionally as the result of the change of political situation. The reasons the reform failed was that it went too far in some aspects, and the interests of the officials had not been considered adequately.