犍陀罗与马图拉造像艺术比较研究

犍陀罗艺术和马图拉艺术是贵霜王朝时期大乘佛教传播过程中产生的最重要的两种造像范式,两种佛像的雕塑材料、造型特征、艺术风格上都呈现出巨大的差异性。本文将两者进行比较,介绍了犍陀罗和马图拉艺术的文化、地理范围和分期,列举了犍陀罗和马图拉造像艺术的主要差异性。根据两地出土文物证实,两者虽然归属于独立发展的艺术体系,但两者之间始终联系紧密、互为影响。马图拉艺术所代表的印度本土因素,在犍陀罗艺术形成初始期就已经对犍陀罗造像产生影响,并一直持续至犍陀罗艺术晚期灰泥阶段。受犍陀罗艺术"迦毕试样式"的影响,贵霜时代马图拉艺术出现了着通肩式佛衣、身材矮短的佛像。笈多时代马图拉艺术在融合犍陀罗灰泥造像的基础上创造了"湿衣佛像",并以此完成了印度佛像自诞生之日起便不断融入亚洲人审美特征、逐渐向着东方风格佛像回归的整个历程。

A Comparative Study of the Gandhara and Mathura Visual Art Styles

Gandhara art and Mathura art are the two most important art styles of Mahayana Buddhism in the Kusanas period.There are great differences in their sculpture materials,modeling features and artistic styles of Buddha statues.This paper compares the two Buddhist visual art,and introduces their geographical distributions,as well as their major differences.According to the unearthed cultural relics from Gandhara and Mathura,although the two visual art styles were of two independent art systems,their developments were consistently correlated and influencing one another.The native Indian features,characterized by the Mathura art,had impacted Gandhara statues ever since the initial stage of Gandhara art,the influence of which continued till the late stage of Gandhara art.With the influence of"Kapisa style"from Gandhara art,short Buddha statues came into being in the age of Kusanas in the art form of Mathura.In the Gupta era,based on the incorporation of Gandhara’s plaster statues,"wet gown Buddha statues"were created in Mathura art,which marked that the Indian Buddha statues were eventually transformed into the oriental style after being continuously integrated into the Asian aesthetic value.