希腊罗马人对犹太教的误读

早在 19世纪 ,英国批评家马修·阿诺德就指出 :希腊主义 (Hellenism)的指导原则是“意识的自由生发”,强调“本着事物的真实面貌看待事物”,故重知 ,重学问 ;而希伯来主义的指导原则是“守良心的谨严”,强调“举止和顺从”,故重行 ,重道德。前者以世间极恶为蒙昧 ,因而关注人们清晰的思维 ,引导人们认知事物的本质与美 ;后者以世间极恶为罪 ,因而要人们不断意识到罪 ,以不断唤起人们的罪恶感。正因如此 ,前者产生了灿烂的哲学 ;后者诞生了虔诚的宗教 1。自阿诺德以降 ,人们普遍视希腊文明与希伯来文明为现代西方文明的两大源头。那么 ,希腊…

Distorted Image: Greeks and Romans' Misinterpretation of Judaism

Ever since Matthew Arnold,it has been widely recognized that the two great sources of western civilization are Hellenism and Hebraism.However,the general Greco\|Roman attitudes toward Jews and Judaism bear a negative and sometimes even malicious character.Such Jewish peculiarities as the nature of the Jewish god, dietary restrictions,laws pertaining to Sabbath, the practice of circumcision and so on not only most interested the pagans but stimulated their concentrated misinterpretation as well.The distorted image of Jews thus resulting from the pagans' lack of incentive to know more about Judaism contributed to the surge of particularism within Judaism,which in turn deteriorated the relationship between Jews and Gentiles and laid the groundwork for the rise of large\|scale anti\|Semitism in Middle Ages.er aims to study context, which is observed in static context and dynamic context, and to study meaning, which is dealt with in static meaning and dynamic meaning. The paper points out that the properties of staticness and dynamicness of context and meaning exist relatively in the English language and in our communication. With the development of linguistics, dynamicness is absolute while staticness is relative in terms of context and meaning. In light of the properties of context and meaning, the paper approaches the function of context to meaning in five respects. From the discussion, we find that context works well with both the meaning of utterances and that of written language, that context works better with the meaning of utterances and that meaning relies heavily on context.