职业团体与职业代表制下的“民意”建构——以1931年国民会议为中心

1931年5月,以蒋介石为首的国民党主流派为确立训政体制的合法性,主导筹办国民会议。在此过程之中,国民党试图掌控民意,而民众团体及反对力量则寄望于国民会议来制约独裁。在代表的选举方式上,职业团体与职业代表制成为民意汇集的主要渠道。然而在此前,国民党政府通过对职业团体的整顿改组,重建了民众组织体系。在代表的选举方式上,确定职业代表制为主要方式之一。在职业代表制的掩盖下,职业团体虽有代表与会,但绝大多数席位被党政要员占据。此类代表虽名为职业代表,实际上为国民党所圈定。实施的结果是,职业代表制使国民党在避免政党竞争的情况下保持了对选举事务的安排以及对国民会议政治方向的掌控。这种民意建构虽体现了民主的象征意义,但并未带来民主的实质性发展。

"Building Public Opinion" under the System of Professional Groups and Professional Representatives-Centered on the 1931 National Congress

In May 1931,in order to establish the legality of the political tutelage system,the Guomindang mainstream headed by Chiang Kai-shek firmly guided preparations for the National Congress.In the process,the Guomindang tried to control public opinion, while grassroots organizations and the opposition pinned their hopes on the National Congress to rein in despotism.During the election of deputies to the congress,the system of professional groups and professional representatives became the main channel for gather...