从土官到缙绅:高其倬在云南的和平改土归流

改土归流是土司制度发展到一定阶段后中央王朝采取的必然措施 ,但清雍正朝以前 ,被改流的多是对抗中央王朝或已造成割据威胁的土司 ,改流浪潮始终未波及那些认同和支持中央王朝统治、汉文化程度较高的土司。随着封建中央集权统治的发展及土司制的没落 ,对这些土司的改流成为必然。雍正初年的云贵总督高其倬抓住时机 ,采取适当措施 ,用和平的方式完成对云南汉化土司改流的历史重任 ,并将其妥善安置 ,使之转变成为封建地主阶级中的一员 ,促成了边疆民族土官到封建缙绅的历史转变 ,具有深远的历史意义。

From Local Officials to Gentry:Gao Qizhuo's Bureaucratization of Native Officers

With the development of the feudal rule of centralization of power and the decline of Tusi (native hereditary headman) system, it became necessary to bureaucratize these native officers who identified the central government and had higher level of the culture of the Han nationality. In the beginning of Yongzheng period, Gao Qizhuo, governor-general of Yunan and Guizhou provinces, made use of the chance and finished the historical task of bureaucratization of native officers with peaceful means. He well arranged these hereditary headmen and made them become the components of feudal landlord class. This stimulated the historical change of frontier ethnic headmen from local officers to feudal gentry and had a profound significance.$$$$