时间地理学的企划概念及其研究案例

企划是为完成任何意愿和目标而进行的一系列必要的简单或复杂的任务,即为达到某个个人或组织的长期或短期目标而实施的活动。企划研究旨在建立意图和实现之间的桥梁,从个体或组织主体意图的视角构建活动之间的关系,它不仅关注时空间行为的客观发生,还关注时空间行为的计划和时空间行为结果的影响反馈等主观方面。企划视角下的时间被看作将"未来"不断转换为"过去"的连续过程,一个完整的企划包括孕育计划、活动实现、影响反馈三个主要阶段,基于企划可以分析个体行为的闭环决策过程。个体企划与组织企划交织的情景分析有助于解释个体时空间行为以及个体企划与组织企划的关系。沃尔沃乌德瓦拉工厂"结构性变革"的案例为如何从组织企划与个体企划交织的视角探索组织管理变革及其综合效益评价提供了很好的启示。企划视角下的日常活动研究将极有可能推动时间地理学从主客观结合、能动被动结合的微观视角透视日常活动决策的黑箱,进而对时空间行为进行解释和预测,最终实现物质世界时空制约与人的时空意图的统一。

CONCEPT OF PROJECT IN TIME-GEOGRAPHY AND ITS EMPIRICAL CASE STUDIES

As a comprehensive ecological approach, time-geography helps geographers investigate and reveal the relations between objects, activities and behaviors from people-oriented perspective. The concept of project can build up a bridge between intentions and activities, based on which, the occurrence and implementation of spatial-temporal behaviors could be better demonstrated, interpreted and even predicted. An integral project, where time is regarded as a process constantly transforming future into past, is comprised of three stages including conceiving a plan or vision, realizing the plan or vison by performing activities and reflecting on and impacted by what have taken place, based on which, formulation of the "close loop" process of individual spatial-temporal decision making is demonstrated. By analyzing intersection of individual and organizational projects, the individual spatial-temporal behaviors and the relationship between individual and organizational projects can be clarified. Based on the concept of project, the case study of the Volvo Uddevalla plant elaborates how to change production system and the structure of management which further influenced on the realization of improving efficiency. In sum, the conceptual framework of project would have the potential to break through the prevailing paradigm of spatial-temporal behavior research, where activities are often aggregated to analyze according to the category or the sequence of activities conducted.